1023 Addiction
The CAGE questionnaire is used to screen the client's use of which substance? 1 Alcohol 2 Barbiturates 3 Hallucinogens 4 Multiple drugs
1 Alcohol The CAGE questionnaire is one of the simplest and most reliable screening tools for alcohol abuse. CAGE is an acronym for the key words ( Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye-opener) in the four questions asked of people suspected of abusing alcohol. The CAGE questionnaire is not designed to screen clients for barbiturate, hallucinogen, or multiple drug abuse.
According to Alcoholics Anonymous, which member of the health care team has the primary responsibility for the success of the therapy and rehabilitation? 1 Nurse 2 Client 3 Counselor 4 Psychiatrist
2 Client According to the philosophy of Alcoholics Anonymous, the client who has problems with alcohol must identify her or his own need to seek help and become the primary rehabilitator. The nurse gives support. The counselor gives direction. The psychiatrist prescribes treatments.
Which action would the nurse take for a client with alcohol withdrawal delirium? 1 Keep the client calm by applying wrist restraints. 2 Encourage the client to relate the content of hallucinations. 3 Assure the client that the symptoms are part of the withdrawal syndrome. 4 Dim the client's room lights to counter the visual distortions being experienced.
3 Assure the client that the symptoms are part of the withdrawal syndrome. Assuring the client that the symptoms are part of the withdrawal syndrome provides reality-based feedback for the client who is withdrawing from alcohol. Physical restraints will increase agitation and should be applied only as a last resort. Encouraging the client to relate the content of hallucinations focuses on the hallucinations rather than on reality. Shadows will increase the chance of visual distortions and illusions that occur during the withdrawal syndrome if the nurse dims the lights.
Which outcome do self-help groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) help their members to achieve? 1 Set long-term goals. 2 Limit excessive drinking. 3 Foster changes in behavior. 4 Identify underlying causes of behavior
3 Foster changes in behavior. Self-help groups deal with behavior and changes in behavior. Small steps are encouraged and, when attained, are reinforced by the group. AA is known for encouraging its members to deal with 1 day at a time. Abstinence, not controlled drinking, is the foundation for sobriety. Identifying underlying causes of behavior is not the purpose of self-help groups.
Which action would be required of the client with alcohol use disorder who attends Alcohol Anonymous (AA) meetings? 1 Speaking aloud at weekly meetings 2 Maintaining controlled drinking after 6 months 3 Promising to attend at least 12 meetings yearly 4 Acknowledging an inability to control the alcoholism
4 Acknowledging an inability to control the alcoholism The client would have to acknowledge an inability to control the alcoholism. A major premise of AA is that, to be successful in achieving sobriety, clients with an alcohol use disorder must acknowledge their inability to control the use of alcohol. There are no rules of speaking at meetings or attendance, although both actions are strongly encouraged. Maintaining controlled drinking after 6 months is not part of the AA program; this group strongly supports total abstinence for life.
Which term does "smokeless tobacco" refer to? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 A substitute for cigarettes 2 Tobacco products that are safe for adolescents 3 Tobacco products that produce less smoke 4 Tobacco products with carcinogenic chemicals 5 Tobacco products placed in the mouth but not ignited
1 A substitute for cigarettes 4 Tobacco products with carcinogenic chemicals 5 Tobacco products placed in the mouth but not ignited "Smokeless tobacco" is the term used for tobacco products that are cigarette substitutes. These items are consumed by placing them in the mouth, but they are not ignited. Smokeless tobacco contains carcinogenic agents that are not safe in adolescents. Tobacco products that produce less smoke are not considered smokeless.
Which substance can cause life-threatening dysrhythmias when inhaled? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Glue 2 Gasoline 3 Nicotine 4 Cannabis 5 Paint thinner
1 Glue 2 Gasoline 5 Paint thinner Inhaled substances that can lead to life-threatening dysrhythmias include glues, gasoline, and paint thinner. Nicotine and cannabis can cause lung cancer but do not cause dysrhythmias.
Which factors may cause an adolescent to develop a smoking addiction? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Peer pressure 2 Academic success 3 Involvement in sports 4 Imitating adult behavior of smoking 5 Imitating lifestyles portrayed in movies and advertisements
1 Peer pressure 4 Imitating adult behavior of smoking 5 Imitating lifestyles portrayed in movies and advertisements Factors that influence an adolescent to smoke include peer pressure and imitating adult behavior of smoking and lifestyles portrayed in movies. Succeeding in academics and being involved in sports are not factors that cause an adolescent to begin smoking.
A client who has alcoholism becomes irritable, makes excuses, and blames family and friends for the drinking problem. Which defense mechanisms is the client using? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Projection 2 Suppression 3 Sublimation 4 Identification 5 Rationalization
1 Projection 5 Rationalization Clients with alcoholism commonly use projection and rationalization to make reality more acceptable. Projection is the unconscious denial of unacceptable feelings and emotions in one's self while attributing them to others. Rationalization is making acceptable excuses for undesirable behavior. Suppression, sublimation, and identification are not commonly used by clients with an alcohol problem. Suppression keeps uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, and wishes in the subconscious. Sublimation is the rechanneling of anxiety into constructive activities. Identification is the unconscious wish to be like another person.
Which initial outcome criterion would be appropriate for a client who is a polysubstance abuser and is mandated to seek drug and alcohol counseling? 1 Verbalizes that a substance abuse problem exists 2 Discusses the effect of drug use on self and others 3 Explores the use of substances and problematic behaviors 4 Expresses negative feelings about the current life situation
1 Verbalizes that a substance abuse problem exists The initial outcome involves the client verbalizing that a substance abuse problem exists. The client must first acknowledge that a substance abuse problem exists and is creating chaos; verbalizing that a problem exists indicates that the client is not in denial and is taking the first step toward change. Before discussing the effect of drug use on self and others, the client must break through denial or this goal will be ineffective. Once the problem is identified and the client recognizes a problem exists, the resulting lifestyle problems can be explored, and the nurse can help the client express and process negative feelings.
Which physical or behavioral signs of substance abuse would a nurse observe for in the adolescent population? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Worrying about being addicted 2 Showing a high performance in social activities 3 Experiencing an overdose or withdrawal symptoms 4 Worrying about a friend or family member who is addicted 5 Manifesting bizarre behavior or confusion
1 Worrying about being addicted 3 Experiencing an overdose or withdrawal symptoms 5 Manifesting bizarre behavior or confusion Worrying about being addicted, experiencing overdose or withdrawal symptoms, and manifesting bizarre behavior may be the earliest signs of substance abuse. Showing high performance in social activities and worrying about a friend or family member's substance abuse are not with a manifestation of substance abuse.
An individual is found unconscious and is admitted to the hospital with heroin overdose. Which nursing action is the priority? 1 Monitoring level of consciousness 2 Establishing a patent airway 3 Monitoring for heroin withdrawal 4 Establishing a therapeutic relationship
2 Establishing a patent airway The client is unconscious and unable to meet physical needs; a patent airway, breathing, and circulation are essential needs. Monitoring level of consciousness would be the next priority. Symptoms of heroin withdrawal will occur 6 to 8 hours after the last dose if the client has a physical addiction. Establishment of a therapeutic relationship will increase in importance once the client's physical condition has stabilized.
Which substance would pose the greatest risk of addiction for clients attending an alcohol rehabilitation program? 1 Heroin 2 Cocaine 3 Nicotine 4 Phencyclidine
3 Nicotine Although polysubstance abuse is common, clients undergoing rehabilitation from alcohol dependence are more likely to use or develop a dependence on nicotine, another legal substance, than on an illegal substance such as heroin, cocaine, or phencyclidine.
Which diagnostic criterion should the nurse use to explain acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to a client with immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? Contracts HIV-specific antibodies 2 Develops an acute retroviral syndrome 3 Is capable of transmitting the virus to others 4 Has a CD4+T-cell lymphocyte level of less than 200 cells/µL (60%)
4 Has a CD4+T-cell lymphocyte level of less than 200 cells/µL (60%) AIDS is diagnosed when an individual with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) develops one of the following: a CD4+ T-cell lymphocyte level of less than 200 cells/µL (60%), wasting syndrome, dementia, one of the listed opportunistic cancers (e.g., Kaposi sarcoma [KS], Burkitt lymphoma), or one of the listed opportunistic infections (e.g., Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis). The development of HIV-specific antibodies (seroconversion), accompanied by acute retroviral syndrome (flulike syndrome with fever, swollen lymph glands, headache, malaise, nausea, diarrhea, diffuse rash, joint and muscle pain) 1 to 3 weeks after exposure to HIV reflects acquisition of the virus, not the development of AIDS. A client who is HIV positive is capable of transmitting the virus with or without the diagnosis of AIDS.
Which physical assessment of the skin indicates that a client is addicted to phencyclidine? 1 Burns 2 Vasculitis 3 Diaphoresis 4 Red and dry skin
4 Red and dry skin Red and dry skin is associated with phencyclidine abuse. A client with alcohol abuse will have burns on the skin. Vasculitis is associated with cocaine abuse. Diaphoresis is associated with chronic abuse of sedative hypnotics.
Which behavior would indicate that a client with a long history of alcohol use disorder is ready for treatment? 1 Drinking only socially 2 Avoiding drinking for a week 3 Being hospitalized for detoxification 4 Verbalizing an honest desire for help
4 Verbalizing an honest desire for help Verbalizing an honest desire for help indicates readiness for treatment. When clients with alcohol problems voice a desire for help, it usually signifies that they are ready for treatment, because they are admitting they have a problem. Drinking only socially does not indicate a readiness for treatment because adherence to an alcohol treatment program requires abstinence. A week is too short a time to signal readiness for treatment. Hospitalization alone is not an indication that the client is really ready for treatment; many factors can influence admission.
The nurse is counseling a client who abuses cocaine. The nurse recognizes that this drug is representative of which drug category? 1 An opioid 2 A stimulant 3 A barbiturate 4 A hallucinogen
Cocaine is classified as a stimulant. It is inhaled in its powdered form or smoked as crack; its use creates experiences similar to but more intense than those experienced with amphetamines, and its withdrawal results in a deeper crash. Opioids and barbiturates are central nervous system depressants. Hallucinogens produce cerebral excitation that can yield a state similar to psychosis.
Which vital sign findings would alert the nurse to a client's opioid overdose? 1 70/40 mm Hg, weak pulse, and respiratory rate of 10 breaths per minute 2 180/100 mm Hg, tachycardia, and respiratory rate of 18 breaths per minute 3 120/80 mm Hg, regular pulse, and respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute 4 140/90 mm Hg, irregular pulse, and respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute
Correct1 70/40 mm Hg, weak pulse, and respiratory rate of 10 breaths per minute A blood pressure of 70/40 mm Hg, weak pulse, and respiratory rate of 10 breaths per minute would alert the nurse to an opioid overdose. Opioids cause central nervous system depression, resulting in severe respiratory depression, hypotension, tachycardia, and unconsciousness. The other findings, particularly the respirations, are not indicative of an overdose of an opioid.
Which of these questions is included on the CAGE screening test for alcoholism? 1 "Do you feel that you are a normal drinker?" 2 "Have you ever felt bad or guilty about your drinking?" 3 "Are you always able to stop drinking when you want to?" 4 "How often did you have a drink containing alcohol in the past year?"
Correct2 "Have you ever felt bad or guilty about your drinking?". The CAGE screening test for alcoholism contains four questions corresponding to the letters CAGE: Have you ever felt you ought to Cut down on your drinking? Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking? Have you ever felt bad or Guilty about your drinking? Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning (as an " Eye-opener") to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover? "Do you feel that you are a normal drinker?" and "Are you always able to stop drinking when you want to?" are two of the 26 questions on the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST). "How often did you have a drink containing alcohol in the past year?" is one of the 10 questions on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).
Which mental mechanism would the nurse suspect when a client with alcohol use disorder who has not worked for the past 10 years states, "I currently work in the office of a local construction company"? 1 Regression 2 Sublimation 3 Compensation 4 Confabulation
The client is using confabulation. Confabulation is often used by people with long-standing alcohol use disorder to cover lapses of memory that occur with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome; it is an unconscious means of self-protection. Regression is a return to a prior stage of development as a way to cope with stress. Sublimation is the channeling of unacceptable thoughts and feelings into socially acceptable behaviors. Compensation is replacement of a real or imagined deficit with a more positive attribute or trait.
Which defense mechanism would be exhibited when a client with alcohol use disorder states, "I function better when I'm drinking than when I'm sober"?. 1 Sublimation 2 Suppression 3 Compensation 4 Rationalization
The client is using rationalization. The attempt to justify a behavior by giving it acceptable motives is an example of rationalization. Sublimation is the substitution of a maladaptive behavior for a more socially acceptable behavior. Suppression is the intentional exclusion of things, people, feelings, or events from consciousness. Compensation is the attempt to emphasize a characteristic viewed as an asset to make up for a real or imagined deficiency.
Which substance is considered addictive in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Alcohol 2 Caffeine 3 Cannabis 4 Gambling 5 Hallucinogens 6 Antianxiety medications
1 Alcohol 2 Caffeine 3 Cannabis 4 Gambling 5 Hallucinogens 6 Antianxiety medications Alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, and antianxiety medications are all considered substances of abuse in the DSM-5. Tobacco, opioids, inhalants, sedatives, hypnotics, and stimulants are also listed. Behaviors are gradually being recognized as addictive. For example, gambling was officially declared a disorder in 2013.
For a person who has an alcohol abuse problem, which rationale supports family involvement in the treatment program? 1 Alcoholism involves the entire family and affects all members. 2 Alcoholics try to hide their drinking from their families. 3 Family members provide insights into the dynamics behind the drinking. 4 Family members have been most successful in providing necessary support.
1 Alcoholism involves the entire family and affects all members. Research indicates that alcoholism is a family disease, with its roots in the family of origin. Although alcoholics may try to hide their drinking from their families, this is not the reason for including the family in the treatment program. Family members often have no understanding of the dynamics behind the drinking and often are enablers; they also need counseling and assistance with coping.
When planning for a client's care during the detoxification phase of early alcohol withdrawal, which action would the nurse take? 1 Check on the client frequently. 2 Keep the client's room lights dim. 3 Address the client in a loud, clear voice. 4 Restrain the client during periods of agitation.
1 Check on the client frequently. The nurse would check on the client frequently. During detoxification, frequent checks help ensure safety. Bright light is preferable to dim light because it minimizes shadows that may contribute to misinterpretation of environmental stimuli (illusions). The client who is going through the detoxification phase of early alcohol withdrawal usually does not lose the sense of hearing, so there is no need to shout. Restraints may upset the client further; they should be used only if the client is a danger to self or others.
Which term describes a client who drinks 2 drinks per day with no negative consequences? 1 Daily drinker 2 Substance abuser 3 Functional alcoholic 4 Substance dependent
1 Daily drinker If a client drinks 2 drinks per day every day with no negative consequences, the client is considered a daily drinker. If a client drinks more than 2 drinks per day every day, the client has a potential for future problems. Substance abuse or dependence involves tolerance or other signs of substance dependence and negative sequelae. Functional alcoholic is not included as a diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; however, the term is used to describe a person who drinks excessively but is able to maintain work and social roles.
In the rehabilitation of a client addicted to alcohol, which factor is most important? 1 Motivational readiness 2 Availability of community resources 3 Accepting attitude of the family 4 Level of the client's physical state
1 Motivational readiness Intrinsic motivation (stimulated from within) is essential if rehabilitation is to be successful. Often clients are most emotionally ready for help when they have "hit bottom." Only then are they ready to face reality and put forth the necessary energy and effort to change behavior. Community resources, physical state, and family have less effect on the success of rehabilitation.
The nurse is caring for a newborn whose mother was prescribed an opioid analgesic throughout pregnancy. Which action would the nurse include in the plan of care? 1 Offering small, frequent feedings 2 Increasing the environmental stimuli 3 Discouraging the mother from giving care 4 Keeping the infant exposed in a heated crib
1 Offering small, frequent feedings Drug-dependent newborns are poor feeders because of hyperactivity, vomiting, respiratory distress, and excessive mucus; small, frequent feedings are given to prevent dehydration. As a means of minimizing extraneous stimulation, environmental stimuli should be decreased. Encouraging the mother to provide care promotes mother-infant bonding. These newborns need comforting. Swaddling and holding them provides comfort and protects them from self-stimulating behaviors.
A client who has a history of alcohol abuse now has recurrent exacerbations of chronic pancreatitis. The nurse asks the client to obtain a stool specimen. When assessing the client's stool, which would the nurse expect to observe? 1 Melena 2 Steatorrhea 3 Hard, dry stool 4 Ribbon-shaped stool
2 Steatorrhea Decreased secretion of lipase from the pancreas limits fat breakdown in the small intestine, resulting in increased fat content in feces; steatorrhea is soft, frothy, foul-smelling feces. Melena refers to black, tarry stool containing digested blood; melena is caused by upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Hard, dry stool reflects constipation; stools associated with pancreatitis are soft and frothy. Ribbon-shaped stool is associated with obstruction of the descending or sigmoid colon.
Which nursing intervention would be helpful in managing alcohol dependency in a baby born to an alcoholic mother? 1 Avoid alcohol in the treatment. 2 Give treatment to reduce alcohol abuse. 3 Give reduced doses of alcohol to overcome alcohol dependency. 4 Administer alcohol to the baby to prevent withdrawal symptoms.
3 Give reduced doses of alcohol to overcome alcohol dependency. The baby born to an alcoholic mother should be treated with reduced doses of alcohol to wean the baby from the alcohol dependency. Avoiding alcohol may cause withdrawal syndrome, and the baby may show symptoms of shrill crying and extreme irritability. Treatment to counter the alcohol abuse in the baby may not be effective. Alcohol should not be provided in normal doses to reduce the alcohol dependency or to prevent withdrawal symptoms.
A client with a history of methamphetamine use is admitted to the medical unit. Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect when assessing the client who is under the influence on admission? 1 Constricted pupils 2 Intractable diarrhea 3 Increased heart rate 4 Decreased respirations
3 Increased heart rate Methamphetamine is a stimulant that causes the release of adrenaline, which activates the sympathetic nervous system. The pupils will dilate, not constrict, because the sympathetic nervous system is activated. Clients withdrawing from opioids, not methamphetamine, experience diarrhea. The respirations will increase, not decrease, because of the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Which risky adolescent behavior has increased in occurrence in recent years? 1 Binge drinking alcohol 2 Having unprotected sex 3 Using electronic vapor products 4 Experimentation with hard drugs
3 Using electronic vapor products The use of electronic vapor products is on the rise. Almost 50% of adolescents report using these products. Binge drinking alcohol, having unprotected sex, and experimenting with hard drugs are ongoing, but have not increased over time.
When teaching about prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) for a 50-year-old man who is 6 feet (183 cm) tall and weighs 293 pounds (133 kg), smokes 1 pack a day of cigarettes, and has siblings with CAD, which topics are most important for the nurse to include? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Age 2 Height 3 Weight 4 Tobacco use 5 Family history
3 Weight 4 Tobacco use The focus of teaching about CAD prevention would be on modifiable risk factors such as weight and tobacco use. Although the incidence of CAD does increase with age, age is not a modifiable risk factor. Height affects body mass index, but is not a modifiable risk factor for CAD. Family history of CAD does increase CAD risk but is not a modifiable risk factor.
Which type of group is Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)? 1 Social group 2 Self-help group 3 Resocialization group 4 Psychotherapeutic group
AA is a self-help group of people who meet to attain and maintain sobriety. A social group centers on building interpersonal relationships through participation in mutual activities. A resocialization group centers on increasing social skills that may be diminished or lacking. A psychotherapeutic group treats mental and emotional disorders with the use of psychological techniques and always has a member of the health care profession as its leader.
In which situation would the nurse anticipate naltrexone to be administered? 1 To treat opioid overdose 2 To block the systemic effects of cocaine 3 To decrease the recovering alcoholic's desire to drink 4 To prevent severe withdrawal symptoms from antianxiety agents
Correct3 To decrease the recovering alcoholic's desire to drink Naltrexone is effective in reducing the risk of relapse among recovering alcoholics in conjunction with other types of therapy. Naloxone, not naltrexone, is used for opioid overdose. Naltrexone is not used to treat the effects of cocaine. It is an opioid antagonist. It is not used for antianxiety agent withdrawal.
Which intervention would the nurse use to promote the safety of a client experiencing alcohol withdrawal? 1 Infuse intravenous fluids. 2 Monitor the level of anxiety. 3 Obtain frequent vital signs. 4 Administer chlordiazepoxide.
Correct4 Administer chlordiazepoxide. The nurse would administer chlordiazepoxide to prevent injury because alcohol withdrawal can cause seizures and autonomic hyperactivity. Administering intravenous fluids maintains hydration. Monitoring anxiety levels does not affect client safety. Obtaining frequent vital signs allows the nurse to assess for autonomic hyperactivity but does not directly affect client safety.
Which intervention would provide comfort to the client experiencing alcohol toxicity? 1 Dim the lights. 2 Use distraction. 3 Offer activities. 4 Stay with the client.
Correct4 Stay with the client. Agitation and anxiety are common in clients experiencing alcohol toxicity. Staying with the client as much as possible will help decrease their anxiety and provide the opportunity to reorient them as needed. Dimming the lights may place the client at risk for injury due to their impaired judgment and lack of coordination. Distraction and activities are not appropriate nursing interventions at this time.
A 45-year-old client who recently completed alcohol detoxification reports plans to begin using disulfirams as part of the alcoholism treatment regimen. Which client teaching would the nurse share regarding this medication? 1 Voluntary compliance with the disulfiram regimen is very high. 2 A single dose of oral disulfiram will be effective for up to 72 hours. 3 Disulfiram may be taken intramuscularly and will be effective for as long as 7 days. 4 Foods, medications, and any topical preparation containing alcohol should be avoided.
Disulfiram causes unpleasant physical effects when mixed with alcohol. Any substance that contains alcohol may trigger an adverse reaction. Voluntary compliance with the use of disulfiram is often very low because of the negative physical effects experienced by the individual if alcohol is ingested. For disulfiram to be effective, it must be taken orally every day. Disulfiram is not administered intramuscularly.
Which medication is indicated for management of clinical manifestations associated with an opioid overdose? 1 Naloxone 2 Methadone 3 Epinephrine 4 Amphetamine
Naloxone is a narcotic antagonist that displaces opioids from receptors in the brain, thereby reversing respiratory depression. Methadone is a synthetic opioid that causes central nervous system depression; it will add to the problem of overdose. Epinephrine and amphetamine will have no effect on respiratory depression related to opioid overdose.
A person with a history of alcoholism says, "I've been drinking since last Friday to celebrate my son's graduation from college." Which defense mechanism is the person displaying? 1 Denial 2 Projection 3 Identification 4 Rationalization
Rationalization is an unconscious defense mechanism whereby a person finds logical reasons for behavior or feelings while ignoring the real reasons, which are illogical or unacceptable. During denial, intolerable situations or events are not acknowledged. In projection, personal inadequacies are blamed on others. In identification, an individual assumes the characteristics, traits, posture, and achievements of another person or group.
A client with a known history of opioid addiction has a surgical repair of multiple stab wounds to the abdomen. After surgery, the client's pain is not relieved by the prescribed morphine injections. The nurse realizes that the failure to achieve pain relief indicates that the client is probably experiencing which phenomenon? 1 Tolerance 2 Habituation 3 Physical addiction 4 Psychological dependence
Tolerance is a phenomenon that occurs in addicted individuals. It means that increasing amounts of the drug of addiction are required to satisfy need. The client should receive adequate analgesia after surgery. Drug habituation is a mild form of psychological dependence; the individual develops a habit of taking the substance. A physical addiction is related to biochemical changes in body tissues, especially the nervous system. The tissues come to require the substance for usual function. Psychological dependence is emotional reliance on the substance to maintain a sense of well-being.
