1250-1900 ap world review
John VI
Portuguese king, fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded. Returned in 1821 after Napoleon was defeated, however, left his son Pedro to run the massive colony of Brazil.
social changes of the industrial revolution
emergence of the industrial middle class and the industrial working class, women and children became much more involved in the working of the family.
Indian National Congress
formed in 1885, this political party was deeply committed to constitutional methods and began the push for independence.
some consequences of the industrial revolution
middle class became larger, public schooling became more widely accessible, social mobility became more commonplace, slave trade was abolished in 1833 by Britain, then 30 years later in the U.S.
enclosure
public lands shared during the Middle Ages were enclosed by fences, which allowed for private farming/gain.
British Colonialism in India
raw materials flowed to britain, finished goods flowed back. upper castes taught english, and were expected to adopt english attitudes. christianity spread. railroads and canals built. urbanization dramatically increased.
Sepoy Mutiny
rebellion of Hindu and Muslims soldiers against the British when they realized the bullet cartridges that had to be bitten in order to load the rifle contained pig grease, violating both religions dietary laws. rebellion failed miserably, lasted for almost two years.
French and Indian War (Seven Years War) (1750-1900)
(1754-1763) A war fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. Britain expanded further to the East of North America, while the French were pushed north.
Impacts of american revolution:
1. Independence. 2. Federal democracy spreads-Frane, Haiti, Mexico
key events of american revolution
1. boston tea party. 2. continental congress. 3. declaration of independence. 4. bill of rights.
key events of french revolution
1. tennis court oath. 2. national assembly. 3. declaration of rights of man. 4. storming of bastille. 5. reign of terror. 6. 5 man directory.
Why didn't the Enlightenment have a large impact on Latin America, with the exception of the elite?
1. the catholic church remained very powerful, church hierarchy as a whole protected the status quo. 2. Latin America was still financially dependent on Europe. (mercantilism, economies did not diversify nor broaden opportunities to a larger class of people, innovation and creativity never took root) *EXCEPTIONS TO #2:Chile diversified economically, while Brazil and Argentina instituted social reforms and broadened their economies for a growing middle class.
major players in american revolution:
1. thomas paine. 2. George III. 3. Thomas Jefferson 4. George Washington
causes of French revolution
1. unfair taxation 2. war debt 3. social inequalities 4. lack of representation
causes of american revolution
1. unfair taxation. 2. war debt. 3. lack of representation.
Simon Bolivar
1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. declared a national congress which declared independence against spain. also won freedom for Gran Colombia (colombia, ecuador, venezuela). envisioned one large country of south america.
Congress of Vienna(1750-1900)
1815, decreed that a balance of power should be maintained among the existing powers of Europe in order to avoid the rise of another Napoleon. principal members of the coalition include von metternich of austria, alexander I of russia, and duke of wellington from Britain. pretty much tried to erase the whole French Revolution and Napoleon from consciousness and reinstate the royal order
First opium war
1839-1842, in China against the British. China forced to sign Treaty of Nanjing, "unequal treaties", by which Britain was given considerable rights to expand trade with china.
taiping rebellion
1850-1864, led by Taipings; led by a religious zealot claiming to be brother of Jesus, who recruited an army nearly a million strong and almost succeeded in bringing down the Manchu government.
second opium war
1856-1860, humiliating chinese defeat, opening all of china up to european trade.
How long did the Reign of terror last?
About two years, the Committee of Public safety executed tens of thousands, then their leader, Robespierre, was beheaded by the French
Napoleon Bonaparte's overthrowing of the Directory
After military success on behalf of the Directory, returned to France and used his reputation and immense popularity to overthrow the Directory in 1799. legitimized his actions by popular vote, and declared himself First Consul once being affirmed. creates a new constitution
Contrast the American and French revolution
America broke away from a foreign power; at the end of the war England's imperial power was still intact. In France, the country drastically changed and they revolted against their own government. socio-political structure changed greatly.
What did France conquer under napoleon?
Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and the kingdoms within italy
major players of Haitian revolution
Boukman, Gens de Coulent, Toussaint L'Ouverture, Napoleon Bonaparte
consequences of Sepoy Mutinyh
Britain stepped in and made India a crown colony in 1858, last Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah II sent into exile, 300 million Indians now British subjects
What was the goal of the Tea, Revenue, and Stamp Act? (1750-1900)
Britain's goal for these was to obtain more money from their American colonies for the government.
Directory
Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years in France
committee of public safety (1750-1900)
Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror in France.
Treaty of Cordoba
Forced Spain to recognize its rule in Latin America was coming to an end, Mexican independence. Central America soon followed.
Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture
Former slave who led a violent, but ultimately successful slave revolt against the French in Haiti
Who became the first "modern" nation-state in 1789?
France
What was the difference between France's new government and America's? (1750-1900)
France had a constitutional monarchy, in which the king still held on to the executive power. America had a president instead.
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
where did the first successful latin american revolt take place?
Haiti, against france.
Impacts of haitian revolution
Independence, destruction of economy, antislavery movements.
Who called the Estates-General back for the first time in around 175 years?
Louis XVI
major players of french revolution
Louis XVI Three Estates Jacobin Party Robespierre
Jose Morelos
Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo, picked up where Hidalgo left off with Mexico's independence and led the revolutionaries to further success against the loyalists. landowning class turned against him when he said he would redistribute land to the poor. executed in 1815.
Miguel Hidalgo
Mexican priest who sympathized with those who had been abused under Spanish colonialism, led a revolt against Spanish rule. was executed after revolt failed in 1810.
major players in latin america revolutions
Miguel Hidalgo, Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Emperor Pedro I
By the early 18th century, the _ empire was in decline after wars and religious conflicts between Hindus and Muslims
Mughal
Did Spanish authorities accept Joseph Bonaparte as their ruler?
No, they did not and they remained loyal to their spanish king.
What brought independence to Mexico?
in 1821, the landowning class brought about the idea of separation from spain.
White Lotus rebellions
Peasant rebellion against the Qing dynasty led by the Buddhist cult known as the White Lotus Society, who were frustrated over taxes and government corruption.
impacts of french revolution
Rise of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, Constitutional monarchy
Three French estates
Similar to social classes. First estate: comprised the clergy. Second estate: noble families. Third Estate: peasants and small but influential French middle class.
Pedro I
Son and successor of John VI in Brazil, declared Brazilian independence from Portugal and crowned himself emperor a year later. a few years later, Brazil had a constitution.
Jose de San Martin
South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru
What happened to recently independent countries in Latin America?
They were still largely controlled by outside economic and political interests, NEOCOLONIALISM
What did the French peasants do because they were nervous Louis XVI wasn't going to listen to their radical plans for change?
They stormed the Bastille, a massive prison in France. Following this, anarchy swept through the countryside and soon peasants attacked the nobility and feudal institutions.
where did Napoleon's common enemies unite against him in 1813? (1750-1900)
Waterloo, in present day belgium. currently a part of the netherlands at this time
Karl Marx
a german economist and philosopher who lived a good chunk of his adult life in poverty, pointed out that factory workers had genuine opportunities but ewre being exploited as a consequence of capitalism. believed capitalism had an inherent flaw in the theory, not just the way it was carried out. author of the communist manifesto, wrote that the working class would eventually revolt and take control of the means of production.
Luddites
a group of british workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed equipment in factories in the middle of the night to protest working conditions and pitiful wages.
cotton gin
a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. after this happened, textile industry was moved out of the home.
spinning jenny
a machine that could spin several threads at once, invented by James Hargreaves in 1764
Haitian Revolution
a major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success, began in 1801 under Pierre Toussaint L'ouverture, defeated 20,000 of Napoleon's French troops with the help of yellow fever. L'Ouverture was imprisoned, but his lieutenant Jacques Dessalines declared Haiti a free republic in 1804, naming himself governor-general.
what happened by 1820 in south america?
a massive chunk of it had declared its independence from spain.
What did the national assembly do?
abolished feudalism, declared freedom of worship, (altering the monopoly of the Catholic Church), established the nation-state, not the king or the people, as the source of all sovereignty or political authority
telephone, lightbulb, internal combustion engine, radio
all invented in the late 1800s, significantly contributed to industrial rev.
laissez-faire capitalism
an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned; government removes themselves entirely from regulation.
Pedro II
became emperor of Brazil at age 15 in 1831, ruled through much of the 19th century. turned Brazil into a major exporter of coffee, abolished slavery in 1888.
Mexican Revolution
began as a rejection of the 30-year dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, seen as a pawn for landowners. defeated in an election by Francisco Madero, who was overthrown in 1913 following a two-year presidency where he was also rejected by the revolution. Culminated in 1917 with the creation of Mexico's current constitution.
industrial revolution
began in Britain, helping to propel it to be the most powerful nation in the 19th century
labor unions
began to form in the 19th century, where they were vehicles through which thousands of employees bargained for better working conditions, or threatened to strike, thereby shutting down the factory. In addition, an increasing number of factory owners realized that a healthy, happy, and reasonably well-paid workforce meant a productive and loyal one.
x rays, charles darwin theory of evolution
both came onto the scene in late 1800s, helped to develop industrial revolution, helps to show the many advancements in Europe of this time period.
how was factory life different from living on the farm?
children and women were working extremely long hours with no protection, with machines, underpaid, overworked, etc. Instead of being exposed to fresh air, they were exposed to hazardous machinery and air pollution.
key events of haitian revolution
civil war, slave revolt, invasion of napoleon
What did Napoleon do to the Holy Roman Empire? (1750-1900)
dissolved the Empire, and turned then into a confederacy of German states.
Social darwinist beliefs in europe:
dominant races or classes of people rose to the top through a process of "survival of the fittest". (because britain was the most powerful, the British were superior to other races.
domestic system
early industrial labor system in which workers produced goods at home, highly inefficient and labor intensive
Napoleonic Codes
established in 1804, extremely limited women's and children's rights. Based in part on Ancient Roman law, recognized basic rights for men and established rules of law for France.
Congress of Vienna land distributions (1750-1900)
france was cut to pre napoleonic dimensions, not punished militarily or economically. created new kingdoms in Poland and the Netherlands, reaffirmed absolute rule in France, Spain, Holland, and the many Italian states.
Causes of haitian revolution
french enlightenment, social and racial inequalities, slave revolt
What is the reason for Napoleon's defeat? (1750-1900)
he attacked russia in 1812, was baited into attacking all the way into moscow. russians set moscow aflame, forcing Napoleon to retreat, getting attacked the whole way back to France. He was exiled, later tried to assume the throne amid rumors that the Congress of Vienna was not making progress, but the countries united against him and sent him to permanent exile on the island of St. Helena where he died.
impacts of latin america revolution
independence, continued inequalities, federal democracy in Mexico, creole republics, constitutional monarchy
Napoleon Bonaparte actions as First Consul
initiated many reforms in agriculture, infrastrucutre, and public education. normalized relations with the church and restored a degree of tolerance and stability. Napoleonic Codes recognized equality of French citizens (men only) and institutionalized Enlightenment ideas that had served as the original inspiration for many of the revolutionaries.
European imperialism in China
introduced opium to the chinese in 1773, in 1838 addiction was so bad Manchu emperor had to ban it. opium war ensues, Britain declares Hong Kong crown possession in 1843, Manchu dynasty forced to admi christian missionaries in 1844. second opium war in 1856, because china resisted british attempts to further opium trade.
flying shuttle
invented by John Kay, this sped up the weaving process in 1733.
global perception of china after taiping and white lotus rebellions:
it became increasingly obvious that china was very weak, unstable, and could not hold its own against any european power that chose to invade.
what was a result of the abolishment of slavery in brazil in 1888?
landowning class was so furious that they revolted against the monarchy and established a republic in 1889.
self-strengthening movement
late 19th century movement by Manchu dynasty in an attempt to get its act together, didn't work.
factory act of 1833
limited the hours of each workday, restricted children for working in factories, required factory owners to make working conditions safer and cleaner.
new farming technologies that allowed for the second agricultural revolution:
new machines for plowing, seeding, reaping, development of chemical fertilizers, greatly increased amount of land farmers could farm while decreasing number of people needed to do it.
Were colonies a fan of mercantilism? (1750-1900)
no
key events of latin americas revolutions
peasant revolts, creole revolts, Gran Colombia
agricultural revolution, pt ii
potatoes, corn, other high yield crops introduced to Europe from New World colonies. more advanced farming technologies and methods were used, increasing crop yields. as much as half of the population was able to move off the farm.
adam smith
scottish economist who wrote the wealth of nations as a precursor to modern capitalism, believed economic prosperity and fairness is best achieved through private ownership and industry.
causes of latin america revolutions
social inequalities, removal of peninsulares, Napoleon's invasion of Spain
Thomas Paine
student of the enlightenment, author of Common Sense, urging colonists to support the independence movement.
what period of time helped to inspire the American revolution?(1750-1900)
the Enlightenment.
what Indian goods were European traders anxious to get their hands on
tea, sugar, silk, salt, and jute (an extremely strong fiber used for ropes)
social mobility
the ability of a person to work his way up from one social class to the next
social darwinism
the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
in what estate was most of France's population?
the third estate
what did Europe do to find natural resources?
they began to colonize all over the world
what happened to women as men began to make more money as reforms happened later on in the industrial revolution?
they began to return to their more traditional household roles, leaving factories, which limited their social, political, professional, and intellectual influence.
What did french mercantilist policies mean for Haiti?
they exported coffee, sugar, cocoa, and indigo to Europe. French colonists owned large plantations and hundreds of thousands of slaves, who harvested these crops under horrible conditions. By 1800, 90% of Haiti was a slave working on a plantation.
how did the opium wars have a global effect on the viewing of China?
they made china appear weak, as opposed as one of the more advanced civilizations.
What did Venezuela do when Napoleon instituted a new governor after conquering them?
they rejected him, appointing Simon Bolivar instead.
