spinal cord and spinal nerves chapter 13
how many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there?
1 pair
how many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?
12 pairs
The length of the adult spinal cord ranges from
42 to 45 cm
how many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?
5 pairs
how many pairs of sacral nerves are there?
5 pairs
How many cervical nerves are there?
8 pairs
The epidural space is located
Between the dura mater and the vertebrae
the cervical nerves begin and end at
C1- C8
cervical plexus
C1-C5
spinal nerves responsible for the contraction of the diaphragm and breathing are
C4-C5
The spinal nerves responsible for the movement of the subclavius muscle
C5-C6
brachial plexus extends from
C5-T1
In the center of gray matter and contains cerebrospinal fluid
Central canal
between the pia mater and the arachnoid layer
Cerebrospinal fluid
Made up of myelinated fibers that are sensory or motor fibers
Columns
lumbar plexus begins and ends at
L1- L4
When removing cerebrospinal fluid the needle is inserted below
L2
a spinal tap is normally performed in adults between the
L3- L5
sacral plexus begins and ends at
L4- S4
Contains autonomic motor neuron cell bodies
Lateral gray horn
Sensory and motor roots merge to form spinal cord these nerves are called
Mixed nerves
Anterior root carries
Motor fibers
Structural classes of Neurons whose cell bodies are present in the spinal cord
Multipolar
anterior ramus
Muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs
Forms the spinal nerve
Posterior anterior root
Contains Cell bodies that receive impulse from sensory neurons
Posterior gray horns
Contains somatic sensory cell bodies that synapse on inter neurons or motor neurons cell body in gray matter
Posterior root ganglion
The spinal cord structure to which herpes virus retreats after chicken pox
Posterior root ganglion
Collection of axons going to and from the spinal cord
Roots
Posterior root carries
Sensory fibers
Order of structures through which sensory impulses pass as they enter the spinal cord and travel toward the brain
Spinal nerve, posterior root ganglion, posterior root, posterior gray horn, white column
Cervical
Spinal nerves C1-C5 comprise which plexus?
Brachial
Spinal nerves C5-C8 and T1-T2 comprise which plexus?
Lumbar
Spinal nerves L1-L5 comprise which plexus?
sacral
Spinal nerves L4-L5 and S1-S5 comprise which plexus?
thoracic nerves begin and end at
T1- T12
Surrounds gray matter and forms anterior lateral and posterior white columns
White matter
epidural space is located
above the dura mater
Between vertebrae L2 and S2 the spinal meninges are present, but the spinal cord is
absent
Contains somatic motor neuron cell bodies
anterior gray horn
Wide, deep groove on ventral side
anterior median fissure
Muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs are supplied by the
anterior ramus
Motor branch of spinal nerve exiting spinal cord
anterior root
a thin, avascular covering comprised of cells and thin, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers.
arachnoid mater
deep to the dura mater and is continuous through the foramen magnum
arachnoid mater
spider's web arrangement of delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers.
arachnoid mater
the middle of the meningeal membranes, is a thin, avascular covering comprised of cells and thin, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers.
arachnoid mater
Cerebrospinal fluid is found
between arachnoid mater and pia mater
Spinal nerves C5-C8 and T1-T2 comprise which plexus?
brachial
Collection of spinal nerves that arise from inferior end of spinal cord
cauda equina
space in center of spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid
central canal
Spinal nerves C1-C5 comprise which plexus?
cervical
Bulge in spinal cord containing cell bodies of motor neurons supplying upper limb
cervical enlargement
Nerves to and from the upper limbs arise from
cervical enlargement
What portion of the spinal cord connects with nerves of the upper limbs?
cervical enlargment
connects with sensory and motor nerves of the upper limbs.
cervical enlargment
disorder 'foot drop' is caused by damage to which nerve
common fibular
The spinal cord terminates at the
conus medullaris
tapered end of spinal cord
conus medullaris
the spinal cord terminates as a tapering, conical structure called the
conus medullaris
Triangular-shaped membranous extensions of the pia mater
denticulate ligaments
extensions of the pia mater suspend the spinal cord in the middle of its dural sheath
denticulate ligaments
fuse with the arachnoid mater and inner surface of the dura mater between the anterior and posterior nerve roots of spinal nerves on either side
denticulate ligaments
The most superficial of the three spinal meninges is a thick strong layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue.
dura mater
a thick strong layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue.
dura mater
forms a sac from the level of the foramen magnum in the occipital bone
dura mater
the three meninges are
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
space between the dura mater and vertebral canal
epidural space
The dura mater is also continuous with the
epinerium
the outer covering of spinal and cranial nerves.
epinerium
outermost covering of a spinal nerve is the
epineurium
spinal cord in adults
extends from the medulla oblongata, the inferior part of the brain, to the superior border of the second lumbar vertebra
spinal cord in children
extends to the third or fourth lumbar vertebra.
located in the epidural space
fat and blood vessels
Extension of pia mater that attaches spinal cord to coccyx
filum terminale
Connects gray matter to left and right side of spinal cord
gray commissure
Connects right and left halves of gray matter in spinal cord
gray commissure
Contains neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
gray matter
partial transection of the cord on either side is called a
hemisection
L2
hip flexors
Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is a thin subdural space, which contains
interstitial fluid
Spinal nerves L1-L5 comprise which plexus?
lumbar
Bulge in spinal cord at T9-T12
lumbar enlargement
a spinal tap is also called
lumbar puncture
crossed extensor reflex allows you to
maintain your balance
three protective layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord
meninges
protect the spinal cord and provide physical stability
meninges, vertebral column
epinerium
outer covering of spinal and cranial nerves
Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of
pia mater
This innermost meninx is a thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain.
pia mater
consists of thin squamous to cuboidal cells within interlacing bundles of collagen fibers and some fine elastic fibers.
pia mater
virus that produces paralysis by destroying cell bodies of neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord characterizes
poliomyelitis
reflex arc that involves more than two types of neurons and more than one CNS synapse is a/an
polysynaptic
gracilis fasciculus and the cuneate fasciculus comprise the
posterior column
Shallow groove on dorsal side
posterior median sulcus
Sensory branch of spinal nerve entering spinal cord
posterior root
area of the spinal cord that contains only sensory axons is
posterior root
contains sensory neuron cell bodies
posterior root ganglion
Spinal nerves L4-L5 and S1-S5 comprise which plexus?
sacral
The spinal cord ends around the
second lumbar vertabra
the spinal meninges and circulating cerebrospinal fluid extend to the
second sacral vertabra S2
the denticulate ligaments protect the spinal cord against sudden displacement that could result in
shock
located within the vertebral canal of the vertebral column
spinal cord
Pulling your hand away from a hot stove is an example of a/an
spinal reflex
the ipsilateral reflex responsible for maintaining muscle tone
stretch
Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is a space called
subarachnoid space
Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is a space which is the
subarachnoid space
contains shock-absorbing cerebrospinal fluid
subarachnoid space
contains shock-absorbing cerebrospinal fluid.
subarachnoid space
Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is a thin
subdural space
contains interstitial fluid.
subdural space
the space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
subdural space
lumbar enlargement
supplies lower limbs
Within the pia mater are many blood vessels that
supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
used as a landmark for administering a spinal tap
supracristal line
meninges
three protective layers of connective tissue
form the vertebral canal
vertebral foramina
arachnoid mater
weblike middle layer of the three meninges
contains myelinated axons
white matter
