132B Final - Hilart
Oslo II Accord
Signed by Israel and the PLO in 1995 * Allowed for Palestinian elections in 1996 after Israeli withdrawal from the Palestinian populated Areas A & B * Created Areas A (under Palestinian control), B (under Israeli & Palestinian control) and C (under Israeli control) in the West Bank * Called an interim agreement because it was supposed to be the basis for subsequent negotiations.. these subsequent negotiations did happen but did not produce a final peace agreement. * The 2002 Road map for peace abandoned the Oslo Accords
Cairo Agreement
* 1969 - An agreement between Yassir Arafat (Palestinians) and Lebanese army commander General Emile Bustani * Essentially allowed the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) to establish "a state within a state" in Lebanon * Gave the Palestinians authority over the refugee camps and allowed them to launch attacks against Israel from South Lebanon * Led to a civil war in 1975 between the PLO and the Christians * Also led to the Israeli invasion and occupation in the 1982 Lebanon war
Hebron Protocol
* 1997 - agreement to redeploy Israeli Military Forces in the city of Hebron in accordance with the Interim Agreement * Hebron (The birthplace of biblical patriarch Abraham) - last city in the West Bank that Israel occupied at the time. * The only West Bank city with a Jewish presence in the midst of a Palestinian majority (450 Jews and 150,000 Palestinians) * The Israeli Military would retain full security control over the Jewish sector (H2), the Palestinian Authority would rule over the rest of Hebron (H1) * A Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH) was formed to watch and report over the protocol taking place
Wye River Memorandum
* 1998 - an agreement negotiated between Israel and the Palestinian Authority aimed to resume the 1995 Olso II Accord * facilitated the implementation of the agreement and set timelines for both parties to carry out their sides of the deal * Israel will withdraw from a further 13% of occupied land in exchange for Palestinian cooperation for security measures to lessen extremist activity (mostly from Hamas) and to prohibit illegal weapons * However months later Israel had only implemented stage 1 of the agreement, meaning they had withdrawn from 2% of Area C instead of the required 13% * Failed, neither side kept their side of the deal
Taba Conference
* 2001 - Also known as the Taba Summit (took place after the failed Camp David Summit in 2000) * Talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority to end the conflict; they came closer to reaching a final settlement here than in any previous talks * Structured around four committees to discuss different aspects of the peace negotiations - Jerusalem, the refugees, territory and security * Israel offered greater concessions here than ever before, while under pressure from the Intifada violence * Barak (Israel's Prime Minister) lost the election during the conference to Ariel Sharon which completely rejected the concessions that Barak had offered, and the peace process came to a halt again
Karine A affair
* 2002 (Also known as Operation "Noah's Ark") - an Israeli military action in which Israeli forces seized a Palestinian ship called Karine A * The vessel was found to be carrying 50 tons of weapons, including short-range Katyusha rockets, antitank missiles, and high explosives. * The captain of the ship was Colonel Omar Akawi, a Fatah activist and former member of the Palestinian Authority * A possible suspect is Hezbollah although they deny any involvement
1996 Israeli National Elections
* Benjamin Netanyahu (Likud party) narrowly beats Shimon Peres (Labor party) as Prime Minister * However the Likud wins less seats than Labor party in the Knesset * Netanyahu is a right-wing candidate that was anti-Oslo (peace treaty with Palestinians), Peres was the incumbent and an advocator for peace with the Palestinians * Peres was leading the whole time, but as Hamas attacks grew, public support for peace with the Palestinians lowered
Mahmoud Abbas/Abu Mazen
* First Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority in 2003 * Second President of the State of Palestine/Palestinian National Authority starting in 2005 (after the first president, Yasser Arafat, died) * Member of the Fatah party - currently rules over the West Bank only, Hamas rules of Gaza and does not recognize Abbas' power * Attempted several times for the UN to recognize Palestine as a state and allow them to be a member * In a position where he needs to satisfy the Palestinians, Israel and the US while trying to lessen the damage caused by Hamas.
Palestinian Authority
* Formed in 1994 as dictated by the Oslo Accords - Also known as Palestinian National Authority * Was supposed to be a five-year interim government * The interim self-government body established in 1994 following the Gaza-Jericho Agreement to govern the Gaza Strip and areas A and B of the West Bank * After Hamas took over Gaza, the Palestinian Authority only ruled over the West Bank * The only "legitimate" Palestinian government because the international community looks at Hamas as a terrorist organization * Call themselves "The State of Palestine"
Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu
* Has been elected as Prime Minister of Israel four times (currently serving his fourth term) * Chairman of the Likud Party * During his terms, he signed the Hebron and Wye Accords, advancing the peace process with the Palestinians * Called for a demilitarized Palestinian state that recognizes the Jewish state - proposed a two-state solution * Went against the US in 2013 when he objected to the deal reached between the US and Iran regarding Iran's nuclear program
Kerry Initiative
* Launched in 2013 to reach an agreement to end the conflict on Israel's terms * Led by U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in the Obama administration * The idea was that the Palestinian leadership is weak now that Yasser Arafat is gone, and they can hopefully now persuade them to just accept Israel's bottom-line requests
Hafez al-Assad
* President of Syria from 1971-2000 * De-radicalized the Ba'ath government when he seized power by giving more space to private property and strengthening the country's foreign relations * Sided with the Soviet Union during the Cold War in turn for support against Israel * The Golan Heights were lost to Israel during the Six-Day War, right before al-Assad became president
Yitzhak Rabin
* Served in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) for 27 years, oversaw Israel's victory in the 1967 Six-Day War * 5th Prime Minister of Israel serving his first term in 1974 and his second term in 1992 * A Prime Minister that seeked peace with Palestinians, signing the 1993 Olso I Accords and the 1995 Oslo II Accords * Was assassinated in 1995 by a Jewish male that stated he killed Rabin because he had betrayed the Jewish people by making peace with the Palestinians * Also signed a peace treaty with Jordan in 1994
Rabin Deposit
* Yitzhak Rabin was the former prime minister of Israel before his assassination in 1995 * He had "hypothetically" stated that if Syria would agree to peace if Israel would withdraw from the Golan Heights * This had to be later argued as "not legally binding" by future Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu * Syria took this very seriously and wants to use it as a starting point for any subsequent negotiations
Quartet
Four nations/entities involved in mediating the peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. * The United States, the United Nations, European Union, and Russia * Established in Madrid in 2002, largely influenced by the outbreak of the Second Intifada in September 2000 * Was involved in suspending foreign assistance programs to the Palestinian government once it was ruled by Hamas because Hamas refused to abide by their guidelines * The Quartet told the Hamas government to be committed to non-violence, recognize the State of Israel, and accept any previous agreements.
Hamas Gaza Takeover
June 10-15, 2007 - Militant conflict between Hamas and Fatah * Fatah lost the Palestinian parliamentary elections in January 2006 and the tensions caused by this led to the Hamas Gaza Takeover because Fatah refused to be in a joint government with Hamas. * The battle resulted in the dissolution of the unitary government and the division of Palestinian territories into two entities * After this the West Bank was governed by the Palestinian National Authority (Fatah), and Gaza was governed by Hamas.
Camp David II
Took place in 2000 between US President Bill Clinton, Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak, and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat * Ended without an agreement * Israel offered 90% of the West Bank, but the Palestinians wanted Israel to withdraw from all the territory captured in the 1967 War, including all of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem * A series of Palestinian riots began shortly after this summit (The Second Intifada) * After the summit, Arafat's approval ratings rose showing that Palestinians supported his stance * On the other side, the Israeli public seemed to not support Barak's position in the compromise
