13.3 Mutations ( bio worksheet answers)

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A gene that codes for one of the polypeptide chains of the blood protein hemoglobin lies on chromosome 11 in humans. A substitution mutation in that gene causes the amino acid valine to be incorporated into hemoglobin in a place where glutamic acid would normally lie. The result is sickle cell disease. Explain how a change in a single base in DNA can bring about such a serious disorder.

A single DNA base-pair change in a gene can create an incorrect codon in the mRNA molecule made from this DNA. When the incorrect codon is "read" on the ribosome, the wrong amino acid (in this case valine rather than glutamic acid) is placed into the polypeptide. With the wrong amino acid sequence, the protein does not form or func- tion properly.

Deletion can happen as a gene mutation or as a chromosomal mutation. what is the difference?

In a gene mutation, a deletion happens when a base is removed from the DNA sequence. In a chromosomal mutation, deletion involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome.

polyploidy is the condition in which

an organism has an extra set of chromosomes

Mutations are important to the evolution of a species because they

are a source of genetic variability

cancer is the product of a mutation that

causes the uncontrolled growth of cells

a mutation that produces an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome

duplication

a kind of mutation that can change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation

frameshift mutation

small changes in genes

gradually accumulate over time

the addition of a base to the DNA sequence

insertion

a chromosomal mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome

inversion

which of the following most accurtaely summarizes the effects of mutations on living things

many mutations have little or no effect, but some can be harmful or beneficial

a heritable change in genetic information

mutation

the cellular machinery that replicates DNA inserts an incorrect base

roughly once in every 10 million bases

The change of one base to another in a DNA sequence

substitution

what happens when cells cannot repair the damage caused by a mutagen

the DNA base sequence changes permanently

part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

translocation

a possible mutagen is

ultraviolet light

complete the table to describe the processes and outcomes of the different types of gene(point) mutations

LOOK AT HANDOUT!!!

draw a normal blood cell and a sickle cell

LOOK AT HANDOUT!!!

a change in one or a few nucleotides that occur at a single point in the DNA sequence

point mutation


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