Knowledge Check #1

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

Major components of a research article

1) Abstract 2) Introduction 3) Lit review/rationale 4) Methods 5) Results 6) Discussion 7) Conclusion

How to address low reliability

-Item construction: rewording qs, fixing -Length: make scale longer -Administrative procedures: how people are filling out questionnaire

When do you use a survey?

-Personality traits/states -Beliefs and attitudes -Knowledge -Behavior

Difference between sample and population

-sample: people/units included in research study -population: entire set of objects, observations, scores that have something in common (ex: all people in one age group)

Chronbach's alpha

0.90+ Excellent • 0.80-0.90 Good • 0.70-0.80 Respectable • 0.65-0.70 Minimally acceptable • 0.60-0.65 Undesirable • 0.60↓ Unacceptable

Threats to validity

Inadequate preoperational explication of concepts (measuring different ideas) Mono-operation bias (measuring once) Treatment effects (participants guessing the goal of study) Restricted generalizability (whether the procedure will work in different context) Levels of constructs (a scale measuring one thing or many?) Social threats to validity (guessing, social desirability)

Difference between independent and dependent variables

Independent variables: variable that is manipulated Dependent variables: variable that responds to the change of IV [DR IM]

Likert scales

Scale in which participants are presented with a declarative statement and asked to respond with a range of choices: strongly disagree, disagree, neither disagree nor agree, agree, strongly agree

Introduction

Attention-getter, links to topic and has thesis

Types of validity

Face validity - qualitative assessment, subjective Criterion validity - correlation between different items and production of another set of things Predictive validity - score of new measure predicting other measures Concurrent validity - seeing if scores are similar at same time Retrospective validity - relating previously measured criterion and relating it to new measure construct validity - measure based on theoretical construct

Conceptualization

Developing concepts and germinal idea MEASUREMENT: operationalization must match conceptualization

Semantic differential scales

Type of scale that asks participants to rate their opinions on linear scale that exists between two endpoints that have opposite meanings: Good/Bad etc.

Entering data into SPSS

Variable and data windows

Questionnaire

actually document used in a survey, containing questions and mental measures in an attempt to gain statistical information about a group

Conclusion

Summarize findings and demonstrate that main arguments are clearly explained

Assessing reliability

Test-retest: give once, then give at later date Alternate forms: testing different ways Split half: Splitting qs into half and half and ordering differently Hoyt: coefficient to figure out whether split half is reliable Chronbach's alpha: tells us if items are being answered the same way

Reliability

the accuracy that a measure has in producing stable, consistent measurements -whether or not people will answer Qs relatively similarly

research

the application of the scientific method to discover and interpret

Validity

the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

null hypothesis

the hypothesis that there is no significant difference/relationship between two variables

epistemology

the study of knowledge Asks: How do you know what we know?

Nominal variables

categorical, mutually exclusive, exhaustive ex: political affiliation, sex

Ordinal variables

categorical, mutually exclusive, exhaustive, numerically-oriented ex: education level, letter grade

Concrete vs. abstract variables

concrete: stays the same (ex: year born) abstract: changes (ex: age)

Difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal survey design

cross-sectional: info from group of people at given point in time longitudinal: examines how people change over time

Subscale

hypothetical subdivision of mental measure

Survey

method of data collection for quantifiable information by asking group of people about their attitudes/perceptions/beliefs/etc.

two-tailed hypothesis

predicts that there is a significant difference/relationship, but doesn't indicate the nature of that difference/relationship

One-tailed hypothesis

predicts the specific nature of the relationship or difference

Abstract

previews article, gives away results in ~150 words

Methods

-provides enough detail to allow others to replicate study -transition between hypothesis and test of hypothesis

APA In-text citation

([author name(s), [year], [page #])

Results

-Describe your data (Stats plus statistics)

Discussion

-Discuss results -Limitations -Future research

Things to consider when constructing questions/scales

-Every item should reflect the construct. - Keep it short and unambiguous - Avoid leading items - Avoid double questions -Avoid always/never -Consider recall issues

Gap-based brainstorming

-context = studying something on FB and something on Twitter -sample = looking at different group of people -modern replication = take old study and replicate now -new concept = articulate idea and research -theory testing = extending an established theory

Units studied in communication

-individuals (1 person) -dyads (relationships) -groups (group management) -organizations (workplace dynamics)

Brainstorming heuristics

-introspective self-analysis -retrospectie comparison -sustained, deliberate observation -Jolting one's conceptions out of its usual ruts -Deductive reasoning -Reinterpretation of past research -Integrating multiple past studies

unit vs. item-nonresponse

-item non-response: 1 question not answered -unit non-response: when researcher fails to obtain any survey measurement on a sample unit

Scientific method

1) Theories (predict, falsifiable) 2) Predictions (hypothesis, think about new ideas) 3) Observations (fathering info/data) 4) Empirical generalizations (discussion of findings) [goes back to theory]

Steps to create a survey

1. Pick questions 2. Create clear instructions 3. Study design 4. Data processing and analysis 5. Pilot testing

APA References

American Psychological Association (scientific/social science) alphabet by author's last name. Use hanging indents. -generally: author, title, journal title, volume, DOI

Directional research question

Asks if there is a specific difference between two variables in a certain direction

Non-directional research question

Asks if there's a difference between variables

Operatoinalization

Assigning units of analysis to variables in order to quantify MEASUREMENT: operationalization must match conceptualization

You CAN have: [reliability/validity levels]

High reliability, low validity

Interval

Logical order, equidistant apart, no true zero ex: IQ

Ratio

Logical order, equidistant, true zero ex: GPA, temperature

Identifying Chronbach's alpha

Look for threshold, see if questions bring value up

Lit review/rationale

Looks at previous research, brings study from general to specific (funnel) and makes argument to test RQ/hypothesis

Factor analysis

Looks for patterns among participants' responses to each scale question in an effort to determine if participants respond in any discernable patterns

You CAN'T have: [reliability/validity levels]

Low reliability, high validity

primary vs. secondary sources

Primary sources = materials on a topic upon which subsequent interpretations are based (diaries, interviews etc.) Secondary sources = restatements/analysis of primary research

postpositivism

The belief that there is an empirical reality but that our understanding of it is limited by its complexity and by the biases and other limitations of researchers

alternative hypothesis

The hypothesis that states there is a difference/relationship between two or more variables

assessing source credibility

author, institution, peer-reviewed status to name a few

Differences vs. relationships

differences: degree to which one person/group are dissimilar from another person/group relationships: correspondence or connection between two variables


Kaugnay na mga set ng pag-aaral

God's attributes: Omniscience, Immutability + Free will - AS Philosophy

View Set

module 2 - Oxygenation & perfusion questions

View Set

Care for Patients With Musculoskeletal Trauma

View Set

Anthropology Test Questions Chapter 2

View Set

Experiment 5: Simple Distillation and Gas Chromatography

View Set

lab 47 - a&P 2 arteries and veins

View Set