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Knowledge

Blend of Information

Units of Measure

The International System of Units (SI) system should be followed when abbreviating units of measurement.

Ethics

- Critical scrutiny of moral thought and morality as it affects our ideas of right conduct -principles and guidelines that help us to uphold the kings we value

Responsible Mentoring

- Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

Carefulness

- Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.

Non-Discrimination

- Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.

Thesis or dissertation

"scholarly publication reflecting the results of a student's research and academic pursuits" in a University - (University of Oregon, 2017 as cited in the CvSU Form and Style for Thesis Writing).

Respect for Intellectual Property

- Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. -Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. -Give credit where credit is due. -Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. -Never plagiarize.

Integrity

- Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.

Legality

- Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

Competence

- Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

Confidentiality

- Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient s' records.

Responsible Publication

- Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

Respect for Colleagues

- Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.

Openness

- Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.

Animal Care

- Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

Honesty

- Strive for honesty in all scientific communications, report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. - Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. - Do not deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public.

Objectivity

- Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. - Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. - Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.

Social Responsibility

- Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

Human Subjects Protection

- When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.

Empirical

- based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. - collection of data relies on practical experience.

Logical

-based on valid procedures and principles. - scientific study is done on an orderly manner so that the researcher has confidence on the result.

List of Tables

-contains all titles of tables presented in the text. Table titles must be written in sentence caps without the period. Table numbers are arranged in column with "Table" as the title heading. One full indention or one inch space (10 characters) is to be maintained between the table number and the table title. The locations of the tables are placed near the right margin under "Page" and separated by light line from the table title. A list of tables is made only is the study has more than one table.

Business Research

-defined as the systematic and objective process of generating information for aid in making business decisions. -Includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts -Systematic study of trends or events which involves careful collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

By definition, a thesis

-form of dissertation or scholastic work embodying results of original research that proves or disproves a proposition or a specific view of a problem and its solution. -It is an academic requirement for a bachelor's, a master's or a doctorate degree in the University

Table of Contents

-lists the chapter titles, the first and second level headings, and the pages where they are located. The page locations are placed at or near the right margin and separated from the chapter title/headings by the light lines (in dots). -Chapter titles and first level headings must be written exactly the same as in the text. - Second level headings that are longer than four inches are to be divided into two or more lines, placing the second and succeeding lines single space below with a three-space hanging indention.

Page Numbers

-placed on the top right of the page. -First page of every chapter should have imaginary page numbers.

Replicability

-research designs and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

References

-should be written using the APA (6th edition) format. The chapter title should be written at the top of the page and centered. Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order based on the surnames of authors. Bibliographic information for each source should be written in single space and double space between sources. All literature sources cited inhe RRL and other materials used as references in preparing the proposal should be reflected in this section.

Cyclical

-starts with a problem and ends with a problem - results and findings of a study can be the basis of several studies.

Recommendation

1. part of the manuscript where the researcher after having empirically proven in his study a new idea, knowledge, design or technology vouch for its adoption, authenticity, significance and/or usefulness. Otherwise, due probably to some lingering doubts on the accuracy or reliability of findings, or failure to show more evidence, or simply the need for more superior tests, tools or instruments, the author may recommend for a repeat of the study or conduct of more verification studies. -is an appeal to fill the gap between the present body of knowledge and ideal situation necessary for technology generation, policy formulation and theory building. This may also contain suggestions for further research on similar or related topics.

1. Operational Definition 2. General Definition

2 Types of Definition of Terms

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2nd part in body part

1. Difficulty of the problem 2. Scope of the study 3. Coverage of the study in terms of area 4. Expenses that will be entailed in the conduct of the study. -It is the department or college concerned who decides on the matter.

A thesis is usually an individual undertaking but the University has allowed group thesis made up of 2-3 students depending on the following:

COVER/TITLE PAGE APPROVAL SHEET BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ACKNOWLEDGMENT ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES LIST OF APPENDICES

A. Preliminary Pages

Margins and Spacing

A. The left margin of each page of the manuscript should be 1.5 inches, while the top, bottom and right margins should be 1 inch each. Paragraph indention should be five spaces (equivalent to one tab) from the left margin. -Three single spaces should be observed between chapter headings and the text that follows. The rest should be double-spaced. -References should be written in hanging indent format, single-spaced and flushed to the left margin.

a. Bibliographic information of the study. b. Time and place of the study and the general and specific objectives; c. Research design and very brief methodology; d. Significant findings; e. Conclusion; f. Recommendations

Abstract

SPECIFIC MEASURABLE ATTAINABLE REALISTIC TIME-BOUND

Criteria for Good Problem and Problem Statement

a. Opening or introductory statement; b. Words of gratitude to the thesis adviser technical critic, department research coordinator, chairman of the department, college research coordinator or RD & E coordinator, and dean of the college or campus in this order; c. Words of thanks for the financial assistance or research grant or scholarship enjoyed; d. Words of thanks for those outside the department or college or University who extended their help; e. Words of gratitude for friends and classmat

Acknowledgement

Paper and Printing

All manuscripts, papers, and reports should be computer-generated and printed in an A4 size, white bond papers.

Use of Italics

All non-English terms and scientific names should be italicized i.e. et al

thesis or dissertation

All universities that offer tertiary and graduate education degrees require as one of the final requirements for graduation.

1. University logo 2. Name of College or Campus 3. Department or unit 4. Author's or authors' name(s) 5. Study title 6. "APPROVED" 7. Names of signatories 8. Space for date

Approval Sheet

Font Style and Size

Arial, font size 11 should be used in all manuscripts, papers and reports. Font size less than 11 may be used in tables with numerous entries.

Abbreviations

As a general rule, acronyms and abbreviated terms in parentheses should occur only after their first reference in the text.

Numbers, Figures and Symbols

As a general rule, spell out figures from one to nine. Ten and above should be written as Arabic numerals.

1. Empirical 2. Logical 3. Cyclical 4. Analytical 5. Critical 6. Methodical 7. Replicability

Characteristics of Research

-GOAL -LEVELS OF INVESTIGATION -TIME ELEMENT

Classifications of Business Research

1. Study Title 2. Submission Statement 3. Degree statement 4. Author's or authors' name(s) 5. Month and year

Cover or Title Page

Information

Determination of relationship

Why What Where When Who

Elements of a Research Problem

-Explain study benefits -Explain participant rights and protections -Obtain informed consent

Ethical Treatment of Participants

1. Basic or pure research 2. Applied research

Goals

· It must be chosen by the researcher himself · It must be within the interest of the researcher · It must be within the specialization of the researcher · It must be within the competence of the researcher to tackle · It must be within the ability of the researcher to finance · It is researchable and manageable · It can be completed within a reasonable period of time · It requires original, critical and reflective thinking to solve it

Guidelines in the Selection of a Research Problem or Topic

Opening paragraph (as background of the study) Statement of the Problem Objectives of the Study Significance of the Study Time and Place of the Study Scope and Limitation of the Study Definition of Terms Theoretical and/or Conceptual Framework of the Study

INTRODUCTION

-Serves as a foundation of a research study -determines the types of research design, sampling strategies, and research intruments

Importance of Formulating a Problem

Study title Authors' names Manuscript ID

Introduction

1. Exploratory Research 2. Descriptive Research 3. Experimental Research

Level of Investigation

Data

Measurement of phenomena

Research Design Hypothesis (if applicable) Sources of Data Participants of the Study Sampling Technique Data to be Gathered (with detailed data gathering procedure and Research instruments or tools) Statistical Treatment of Data

Methodology

a. Research Design b. Hypothesis c. Sources of Data d. Participant of the Study e. Sampling Technique f. Data Gathering Procedure g. Statistical Treatment of Data

Methodology

-To discover new facts about known phenomena -To find answers to the problems which are only partially solved by existing methods and information -To improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or products

Purposes of Research

Results oriented Efficient Scientific Effective Active Resourceful Honest Economical Religious

Qualities of a Good Researcher

-To ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public · Promote moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and health and safety

Reasons Why it is important to Adhere to Ethical Norms in Research

· Promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. · Promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust accountability, mutual respect, and fairness, guidelines for authorship, copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review

Reasons Why it is important to Adhere to Ethical Norms in Research

1. Decriptive 2. Correlational 3. Causal / Explanatory

Research Design

American Psychological Association (APA)

Research Format

1. Experience and Observation 2. Vast amount of literature 3. Courses taken 4. Journals, books or abstracts 5. Concluding part of series of recommendation in a thesis 6. Theory

Sources of Research Problem

1. Supply and Demand Analysis 2. Enterprise Profitability and Sustainability 3. Macroeconomic Policies and Issues 4. Institutional Status and Performance 5. Governance and Development 6. Gender and Development 7. Environmental Protection and Management

The College Research Agenda

1. Agri-fisheries and Food Security 2. Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation 3. Smart Engineering, ICT, and Industrial Competitiveness 4. Public Health and Welfare 5. Societal Development and Equality

The University Research Agenda

Acknowledgement

This is the part of the manuscript where the author(s) writes his/her personal acknowledgment of various forms of help or assistance that he / she received during the conduct of the study

Statement of the Problem

This is written as a paragraph heading in bold space two spaces after the objectives of the study. -stated in paragraph form and should convince the panel of evaluators or readers of the importance and usefulness of the results of the study to the concerned stakeholders.

Abstract

This section of the manuscript is the last to write. The author cannot write the abstract unless all results had been discussed and the summary, conclusion and recommendations had been made. The abstract is a very brief presentation of the objectives, methodology, results and findings and conclusion of the study. As a rule of thumb, the abstract must be 200 to 400 words (1 to 1 1/2 page).

Objectives of the Study

This should be written as a paragraph heading in boldface two spaces after the statement of the problem. The proposal should have a general objective and specific objectives.

1. Historical 2. Descriptive 3. Experimental

Time Element

Typing mechanics

To achieve uniformity, all manuscripts, whether thesis, case study or portfolio, should follow

A. Paper and Printing B. Font Style and Size C. Margins and Spacing D. Page Numbers E. Tables F. Figures G. Use of Italics H. Units of Measure I. Numbers, Figures, and Symbols J. Abbreviations K. Spelling L. Tenses

Typing Mechanics

1. Expression of time 2. Telephone numbers 3. Amount of money 4. Plate numbers 5. Age

Use figures for the following:

The subject matter or topic to be investigated

What

period or time of the study during which the data are to be gathered

When

The place or locale where the research is to be conducted

Where

Population from whom the data are to be collected

Who

Aim or purpose of the problem for investigation

Why

1. A working title of the study 2. Statement of the problem 3. Clear and attainable objectives 4. Scope and limitations of the study 5. Time and place of the study

Writing the Thesis Proposal

Appendix 4. Memorandum of agreement

a photocopy of the MOA between CvSU and linkage or cooperating agency / institution involved in the study (if there is any) should be attached.

Present Tense

presenting theories, philosophies, generalizations and conclusions. -present implications

Theoretical and / or Conceptual Framework of the Study

a. This part of the introduction is required for social researches. -Some experimental studies may require -Others may require both or none at all. This section is presented in a discussion format with a supporting schematic diagram or model presented as a figure.

Time and Place of the Study

a. after the significance of the study. -written in paragraph form stating the month and year the study started and end the place or places where the study was conducted. Time of the study starts on the day when the proposal is approved and the researcher starts preparing the experiment or instruments for data gathering up to the day when the researcher is ready to present the results for final defense.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

a. after the time and place of the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

a. statistical technique that was used in analyzing quantitative or qualitative data for proper interpretation and presentation. -Most examples are T-tests, Chi-square tests and correlation analysis. -Treatment of data may use percentages, averages, means, ranges, coefficients and the like. -Statistical analysis that was used should be described properly and the reason for its use. -Data may be presented in tables or graphs whichever is deemed appropriate.

Societal Development and Equality

aims to create inclusive growth and development, social harmony, and equal opportunities among the different social groups and to lessen economic divide, inequality and marginalization in the society.

Appendix 3. Letter requests

all letters that need to be written in order to obtain permits to conduct the study or to be sent to study participants must be attached for evaluation / correction by the panel.

Appendix 2. Data sheets

all sample data sheets where observations or information recorded must be prepared as part of the proposal for evaluation or correction by the panel.

University logo

along with the letterhead centered on top of the page;

Data Gathering Procedure

different parameters or information that were gathered including the technique, instrument or mathematical formula or equation needed to get the correct data and the units of measure that were used. -There should be a description of the research instrument that was used.

Appendices

documents that should be attached here in the study

Agri-fisheries and Food Security

emphasizes on developing agriculture and food systems that are economically viable and sustainable to ensure food security as well as to improve the quality of life of our farmers and fisher folks.

past tense

employed in describing the results of the study.

Critical

exhibits careful and precise judgment

a. Name, home address, birthday, birth place, parents and siblings; b. Elementary and high school education with the name of the school, address and year completed; scholarship enjoyed; award/recognitions received. c. College education and the name of the school, address and year completed; scholarships enjoyed; awards or recognitions received; organizations and positions held; d. Degree obtained and year completed.

biographical data

Summary

brief presentation of the contents of the thesis. It starts with the general and specific objectives of the study, time and place of the study, methodology and summarized findings or results. The summary is a longer version of the abstract so to say.

Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation

concerned with environmental stewardship and allocation and sustainable use of natural resources.

Methodical

conducted in methodical manner without bias using systematic methods and procedures

Appendices

contains the name of all documents placed in the appendices section. Appendix titles must be written in sentence caps without the period. The appendix numbers are arranged in column with "Appendix" as the title heading. One full indention or one inch space is maintained between thee appendix number and the title. The locations of the appendix are placed under "Page" at the right margin separated from the appendix title by light line.

List of figures

contains thee captions of all the figures presented in the text. All figure titles must be written in sentence caps without a period. The presentation is the same as in the list of tables. The figure numbers are arranged in column with "Figure" as the title heading. One full indention or one inch space is maintained between the figure number and figure title. The locations of the figures are placed at the right margin under "Page" separated from the figure title by light line. Pictures, maps, graphs, charts and other illustrative materials are all included in this section.

no page number

cover or title page rule

Smart Engineering, ICT, and Industrial Competitiveness

covers the methods, processes, systems and tools for the cross-disciplinary, system-oriented development of innovative and interconnected products, services and infrastructures in the field of engineering.

Public Health and Welfare

deals with researches on protecting and improving human health and welfare which includes researches on diseases or conditions that may be transmitted to humans from humans or animals and vice versa as well as those connected with the environment as a whole.

research manuscript

defines the researcher and showcase the quality of the research training and education provided by the University

Rsearch Design

description of the design of the research that will be adopted for the study. -There are various used in social researches such as descriptive research, historical research, experimental and others. The reason for its use must be stated or explained.

Month and year

expected completion written one single space below the author's name and in paragraph heading style.

Biographical Data

final manuscript is all about the researcher or researchers. For single authorship, a one-page presentation of his/her personal information is required. Two or more pages may be required for studies with more than one author.

submission statement

found 10 to 12 single spaces away from the thesis title written in paragraph heading style and in single space;

Author's or authors' name(s)

in uppercase and in boldface and should be found 10 to 12 single spaces away from the degree statement. -If there is more than one author, their names should be arranged alphabetical order based on their surnames and written in single space;

Participants of the study

individuals or groups of individuals, communities, organizations, agencies, and/or institutions that were involved as subjects in the study utilized as respondents of a survey or participants in a social experimentation or subject being observed.

Appendix 1. Research instruments

instruments such as interview schedules, survey questionnaires, recipes, procedural manuals and others that were used in the study should be attached for evaluation by the defense panel.

Problem

is a statement that asks what relation exists between two or more variables

Place or places of the study

is or are where the study conducted

General Definition

is the meaning of the term as written in general references like a dictionary. Definitions are written in sentence format. All terms are arranged in alphabetical order like a dictionary and the term being defined in boldface.

Spelling

latest edition of a standard English dictionary

List of Appendix Figures

list of figures placed in the appendices.

List of Appendix Tables

list of tables placed in the appendices.

Results and Discussion

major concern in writing the final manuscript. This section includes the presentation, analysis, interpretation and discussion of the results of the study. -Organization of the results and discussion is of primary concern. The easiest manner is to present the results and discussion following the arrangement of the objectives of the study. Paragraph heading and subheadings are used to present topics and subtopics.

referring to the document thesis

manuscript that provides a complete and systematic account of the results of a research study of a student.

Figures

may come in form of pictures, drawings, diagrams, photographs, blue prints, maps, graphs and chart. Figures should be clear enough to be understood even without referring to the text.

Operational Definition

means how the term is used in this study.

Limitation

means limits to study area coverage, sampling strategy or sample size, sensitivity and accuracy of instruments, availability of facilities or equipment, interpretation of data, statistical analysis applicable and monetary considerations. Some limitations can be restrictions due to the political, social, cultural or ethical considerations of the study.

topic or research problem

merits further investigation and falls within the research thrusts of the department, college, and/or the University;

Introduction

part of the proposal or outline is very important. It must immediately catch the interest and attention of the reader. There is no prescribed length for the introduction but it must be concise and complete.

Conclusion(s)

presents the conclusion or conclusions drawn in the light of the findings of the study or simply the generalizations of the researcher after knowing the answers to the statement of the problems or questions presented at the beginning of the study. The number of conclusions that can be made depends on the number of objectives and hypotheses of the study.

Scope

refers to what was covered by the investigation or experimentation such as extent of the study area, parameters tested or measured, sampling techniques or tools that were used and depth of the investigation, analysis and the statistical tools used to make generalization.

Methodology

required for all studies. The chapter title should be written at the center of the page and an introductory statement is written after three single spaces below the title stating the content of this chapter.

Tables

should be a comprehensive description of the table entries. Table titles follow sentence capitalization. Use single space between table title and the table itself. For long table titles, the succeeding lines should be in hanging indention.

Space for date

should be after the name of the signatory indicated by a line with the label "Date" below the line.

Units of quantity

should be enclosed in parentheses immediately after the column heading. Table entries should be arranged in rows and columns either in single or two spaces.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

significant findings of the study in summary form. It also presents the conclusions and recommendations made by the researcher out of these significant findings.

Sampling Technique

technique that was employed in order to determine the number of participants of the study or number of test units / materials or samples from a given population. The formula and computations should be shown.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDICES

the rest body parts after methodology

Opening paragraphs or background of the study

these are opening statements of the introduction that should provide important background information about the problem to be investigated and the study area or the process that will be tested or introduced. -This part does not have a paragraph heading.

Appendix 6. Budgetary requirements of the study

this is a detailed estimate of the expenses that will be incurred in the conduct of the study. This is very important if the student applies for university funding for his/her study.

Appendix 5. Timetable of activities

this refers to the work schedule that was followed in the conduct of the study. This must be presented in Gantt Chart format.

Statement of the Problem

this should be written boldface as a paragraph heading on the left side of the page two spaces after the background of the study. -This should contain the description of the problem or problems that will be investigated in the proposal.

Analytical

utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental and case study

thesis adviser

who is an expert or well-versed on the topic or field and must come from the list of faculty members if the department or college;

technical critic

who may also be a faculty member of the department or college or a technical staff such as a research assistant, research aide, laboratory technician, project-in-charge, or field technician in the University but whose expertise falls within the topic of interest

degree statement

written 10 single spaces away from the submission statement in paragraph heading style also in single space;

Study title

written in inverted pyramid on top of the page, all in uppercase, single space and in boldface; Scientific names in the title should be italicized.

Name of college or campus

written in uppercase and boldface which should be at the center two single spaces below the letterhead;

Author's or authors' name(s)

written in uppercase, boldface and flushed left. It should be three to four single spaces below the name of department or unit;

APPROVED

written in uppercase, boldface and four to seven single spaces below the thesis title;

Name of signatories

written in uppercase, boldface, and with corresponding titles i.e. MS or PhD without an underline. Designations of the signatories are placed one single space below their names;

Department or unit (if applicable)

written two single spaces below the name of college or campus, in paragraph heading style, and in boldface;