3
folate vs folic acid
***folate: naturally occuring forms -- multiple glutamic acids, intestinal track cleaves all but one glutamate before absorption ***folic acid: supplemental/fortified foods --synthethic form and monoglutamate
magnesium functions
-Helps stabilize ATP -Bone structure -Nerve and muscle function -Glucose and insulin metabolism
4 signs of dehydration
1) Speech difficulty 2) Confusion 3) Sunken appearance of eyes 4) Muscle weakness (upper-body) NOT: Edema
where is most vitmain K sources in body
10% comes from bacterial synthesis in colon
upper level of vitamin D is set at
100 mg/day for 9 year old and older and above this can cause excess blood calcium, koint pain, muscle weakness, neuropathy, neasea, and death
What is the Adequate Intake level of vitamin K for men?
120 μg/day
adequate intake water
15 cups for men 11 cups for women
programs to increase food security in the US
15 food and nutrition assistance programs administered by the USDA, 25% of americans participate in at least 1 of the programs
how is most vitamin E absorbed
20-70-% of vitamin E is absorbed by passive diffusion incorportated into micelles dependent on bile and pancreative enzymes then incorporated in chylomicrons to be transported into lymph
sodium upper limit
2300 mg/day
water food and air max
3 weeks without food, 3 days without water, 3 minutes without air
RDI potassium
4700 mg
what percent of B12 that we eat is absorbed
50% and reabsorbed from bile
what percent of body weight is water and where
55-60%, 2/3 intracellular and 1/3 extracellular
What is the Adequate Intake level of vitamin K for women?
90 μg/day
organic
95% or more organic ingredients
optimal blood pressure
<120/80
Which fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted from the body?
A D E
isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution, no net water movement
hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution resulting of shrinkage of RBC
hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution resulting in swelling
fat soluable vitamins
A, D, E, K
vitamin b-12 is found in ___ foods only
ANIMAL
Hemochromatosis overrides what protection the body usually has from iron toxicity?
Mucosal block
Which B-vitamin is synthesized from tryptophan?
Niacin
Why are corn-based diets associated with pellagra?
Niacin in corn is unavailable. Corn contains little tryptophan.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Organic brain syndrome resulting from prolonged heavy alcohol use caused by a deficiency of thiamine, a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers. Causes changes in vision, balance, confusion, and memory loss
Which B-vitamin is found in a wide variety of foods?
Pantothenic acid
vitamin K includes
Phylloquinones (vit K1) from plants v the main biologically active form v Menaquinones (vit K2) produced by bacteria in large intestine v Vit K2 also found in meats and fish oils
____ acid can limit the absorption of some minerals by chemically binding to them and preventing their release during digestion.
Phytic
What is the term for a constituent of plant fibers found in whole grains and legumes that binds to minerals and decreases their bioavailabilit
Phytic acid
What factors decrease iron's bioavailability?
Phytic acid Oxalic acid
what are the three factors that affect the bioavailability of a mineral
The form of minerals present in the body. The supplements that are taken apart from the meals. Excretory loss of a mineral.
Where is calcium absorption most efficient?
The upper part of the small intestine
What is the function of the superoxide dismutase enzymes?
They reduce oxidative damage to cell membranes.
Beriberi (I cant) results from a deficiency of
Thiamin (B1)
Coenzyme A, the coenzyme form of pantothenic acid, is essential for the formation of ______.
acetyl-CoA
incidental food additives
additives that appear in food products indirectly, from environmental contamination of food ingredients or during the manufacturing process
Calcium ions are often found in the blood, bound to the blood protein _____.
albumin
function of vitamin c
collagen synthewsis, wound healing, antioxidant, immune system
selenium functions
componenet of 25 enzymes and proteins, antioxidant enzymes and converts T4 to T3
phosphorus functions
components of bone and teeht, part of ATP and DNA, regulates acid-base balance
iron deficiency
anemia, RBC micotytic and hypochromic, reduced hemoglobin syntehsis, energy metabolism
In response to increased osmotic pressure, the pituitary gland releases ______, which signals the kidneys to retain water, thus reducing urine output.
antidiuretic hormone
what are functions of vitamin E
antioxidant protects lipids in body, protects cell membranes
made with organic ingredients
at least 70% org ingredients
Who gets Vitamin K deficiency?
babies so given injection right away
Vitamin K is needed for the ____
conversion of preprothrombin to prothrombin synthesis of blood clotting factors
where is vitamin E excreted
bile and urine and skin
role of vitamin e
blood clotting hemorrahaging agent
Once absorbed, minerals travel in the blood __
bound to proteins in a free form
potassium functions
can help normalize high blood pressure and reduce effects of high sodium intake, electrolyte
functions of copper
copper containing enzymes, regulates neurotransmitters, inovlved in connective tissue syhtesis,
Lead issues
damages organs, especially nervous system and kidneys
fucntions of calcium
deelopment and maitnence of bones and teeth, blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, cell metabolism
Zinc deficiency
delayed growth and sexual maturation, immune disfunction and poor wound healing, hairloss, appetite
how are water soluable vitamins transported
delivered to bloodstream and distributed
wtaer toxicitity
develops when kidneys cannot remove water fast enough relative to intake
what do food insecure individuals eat less of
eat less nutrient dense foods
who is at risk of vitamin B-12
elderly, persons with malabsorption, vegans, vegetarians, infants, gastic bypass surgery
vitamins are needed for
energy metabolism, growth, development, and maitencence
Goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
functions of iodide
essential componenet of thyroid hormones, criticala for normal metabolissm
major minerals
essential inorganic elements needed for growth and tissue maitnence
vitamins are
essential organic compounds and are not energy source
how to vitamin interacrions work
excessive A can interfere with vit K avsorption
Thiamin is a key component required to metabolize the macronutrient ______.
fat
vitamin D2 foods
fatty fish, cod liver oil, fortified milk, fortified breakfast cereals
the water soluable vitamin deficiency that may eventually lead to megaloblastic anemia is duer to lack of which vitamin
floate
Which B-vitamin is critical for DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism?
folate
organic foods
food produced with biological pest management, compposting, manure applications, crop rotations
microorganisms infect cells of gastrointestional tract directly
foodborne infection
microorganisms secrete toxin into food we eat
foodborne intoxication
the role of B-vitamins
form coenzymes, function in energy metabolism
functions of riboflavin
forms coenzymes in energy metabolism FMN & FAD, helps with formation of other B-vitamins niacin, folate, B-6, antioxidant function
magnesium food sources
found in cholophyll so richest sources are plant products asin green leafy veggies, brocolli, beans, sunts, seed, whole grain chocolate and tap water
What are carotenoids ?
found in dark green and yellow orange veggies and frouts, fat soluable can be converted to vit A, no UL
food desert
geographic areas wjere fresh, affordable, healthy foods cannot be purchaseed easily
Manganese functions in many processes including ____. (Check all that apply.)
gluconeogenesis antioxidant defense collagen formation
functions of sodium
glucose and amino acid absorption, required for nromal nerve and muscke function, aids in fluid balance
functions of vitamin a
healthy vision in night, development, cell growth, immunity, reproduction, bones
signs of vitamin E deficiency
hemolytic nemia, impoaired immune function, and neurological changes in the spinal cord and pheripheral nervous system
GM crops primarily is used for
herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, increase nutrient content
similarities among foods with a lot of vitamin E
highly susceptible to destruction by oxygen, lights, and heat
Vitamin B-12 is required for an enzymatic reaction involved in _____ metabolism.
homocysteine
excess sodium causes
hypertensison, heart disease, stroke
Weakness, fatigue, constipation, and irregular heartbeat are all symptoms of ________, a life-threatening problem associated with low blood potassium
hypokalemia
potassium deficiency
hypokalemia can be caused by excessive losses through urine or feces
Where can 95% of the body's potassium be found?
inside the body's cells
functions of vitamin d
iregulate immune function, secretion of hormones, cell cycle. protects against diabetes hypertension, dementia, and cancer
Most common nutritional deficiency?
iron deficiency
Injection of menadione, a synthetic form of vitamin K, can cause ____
jaundice hemolytic anemia
too much calcium can cause
kidney stones, hypercalcemia
which organ plays most important role in water regulation
kidneys
food insecurity
lack of access to food for healthy lifestyle contributing to health and nutrition problems
hyperkalemia
life threateneing when potassium taken in excess
where are water soluable vitamins stored
limited storage so should be consumed daily
Riboflavin's conversion to its coenzyme form occurs mainly in the _____.
liver heart small intestine
where are retinoids found
liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, eggs
water is attached to electrolytes and moves via osmosis from
low to high conentrations
functions of water
maintains blood volume, transports nutrients and oxygen, major fluid componrnt, forms lubricants, serves as a solvent, participates in chemical reacrions (hydrolysis)
chloride functions
maintains fluid balance with sodiu, aids in transmission of nerve impulses, componenet of HCl
neural tube defects
malformations of the brain, spinal cord, or both during embryonic development that often result in lifelong disability or death. May cause spina bifida anecephaly, and ancephalocely. Also linked to clept lip and palate and hear defects
functions of chromium
may enhance insulin action, promotes glucose uptake, normalize blood sugar levels
as countries become westernized, diets contain more ________ ehich is called
meat, dairy, sugarm rpocessed foods, fat, nutrition transition
potassium sources
meat, fruits, vegetables (banana, orange, tomato, potato, cantaloupe)
chloride comes from
most from table salt
what cancers does vitamin c help prevent
mouth, esophagus, stomach, lungs
function of thiamin
needed for metabolism of carbs and BCAA, functions as coenzyme for transketolase which is necessary for DNA and RNA and the nervous system
mercucry issues
nerve damage, fatigue, food learning abilities
folate helps form and maintain
neurotransmitters and maintain normal blood pressure and reduce risk of colon cancer
2 forms of niacin
nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
pharmacological use of niacin
nicotinic acid may increase HDL and decrease triglycerides
he function of PLP, the coenzyme form of vitamin B-6, pertains mainly to enzymatic reactions involving ______.
nitrogen-containing compounds
can vitamins be synthesized in the body
no
vitamin k toxitity
no UL, storage in liver and bone is limited, more ready than others
Potassium Upper Limit
none
where are fat soluable vitamins stored
not excreted from body so stored in liver and adipose tissue (except K)
Copper food sources
organ meats, seafood, legumes, nuts and seeds, oysters, beef liver
importance of iron
oxygen transport and makes red color in blood with protein
how are fat soluable vitamins transported
packaged and delivered with dietary fats in chylomicrons and lipoproteins
Pantothenic acid function
part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism
functions of zinc
part of dna and rna synthesis, enxume cofactor, helps with development, activities, immune function, and insulin regulation
results of B-12 deficiency
pernicious anemia, macrocytic anemia, neurological chnages and nerve degeneration and elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations
health consequences of undernutrition
physical and mental activit declines, growth slows or ceases, muscle and fat wasting occurs, immune system weakens, macronutrient deficiencies become common
osteomalacia
poor calcification of newly synthesized bones in adults "soft bones" results in fractions due to vitamin D deficiency
Which minerals play a role in regulating water balance?
potassium sodium calcium
Vitamin D is different from other vitamins in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a _______.
prohormone
chloride deficiency
rare but may occur ith freqeunt vomiting coupled with poor diet
seborrheic dermatitis
rare vitamin B-6 deficiency that causes convulsion, depression, and confusion
what cells are at risk during folate deficiency
red blood cells, GI cells, white blood cells
what do antioxidents do
regulate free radicals
Select the functions of copper in the human body. (Check all that apply.)
regulating iron transport part of enzymes preventing oxidative damage to cell membranes
functions of vitamin B12
required for 2 enxymatic functions including formation of methionine from homocysteine and metabolism of some fatty acids in TCA cycle, also protects myelin sheath and necessary for folate metabolism
ariboflavinosis
riboflavin deficiency affecting mouth, skin, and red blood cells causing inflammation
vitamin c deficiency causes
scurvy, prevents normal collagen synthesis, impaired wound healing, depression
Water-soluble vitamins are essential organic substances needed in _____ amounts.
small
Where does the absorption of vitamin C occur?
small intestine
Where is thiamin absorbed?
small intestine
where are vitamins absorbed
small intestine
The pantothenic acid portion of coenzyme A is released during digestion in the ____.
small intestines
functions of vitamin K
stnthesis of blood cotting factors, bone metabolism, and prevents calcification of blood vessels
Which organ produces the intrinsic factor that enhances vitamin B-12 absorption?
stomach
what do both forms of niacin do
synthesize niacin coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ during redox reactions
floride function
teeth and gum formation
food security
the access by all people at all times to be enough for an active healthy life
The coenzyme form of pantothenic acid participates in _______.
the breakdown of carbohydrates, protein, alcohol, and fats fatty acid synthesis
pellagra
the niacin-deficiency disease, characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventually death
Pork products are excellent sources of _____.
thiamin
processing makes grains not so great so we make them great again by adding back
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and iron
how are vitamins absorbed
through dietary fats deoending on bile and pancreatic lipase
The chemical name for 4 of the 8 forms of Vitamin E is ____.
tocopherols
vitamin e consists of
tocopherols and tocotrienols where msot active form is a tocopherol
calcitriol
use3d to maintain blood levels of calcium and phosphorus and increase absorption from gut and takes from bone
food waste
worldwide 1.3 of all food produced ins lost and about 40% of food goes to waste in the US
Which forms of vitamin K, when consumed in excess, do not cause any harmful effects?
Menaquinones Phylloquinones
intentional food additives
-purposely added to achieve a goal (longer shelf life, greater nutritional value, more appealing color or flavor)
water needs vary by
Body size, physical activity, environmental conditions, and dietary intake
foods high in calcium
Cheese *Collard greens* Milk and *soy milk* *Rhubarb* *Sardines* Spinach *Tofu* Yogurt
foods high in phosphorus
Fish *Organ meats* *Nuts* Pork, beef, and chicken Whole-grain breads and cereals
Selenium acts as an antioxidant as part of what group of enzymes?
Glutathione peroxidase
functions of vitamin B-6
-PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) helps metabolize amino acids, folate, releases glucose from glycogen, and is a coenzyme -heme synthesis -neurotransmitter syntheis -histamine synthesis -regulates gene expression
What type of transport is utilized when copper is absorbed into the intestinal cells?
Active transport Simple diffusion
hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
myoglobin
An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells.
water soluable vitamins are
B and C
about vitamin d
D3 is active form, 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin is transformed to UVB radiation
what is the tetrahydrogolic acid (THFA) coenzyme needed for
DNA synthesis and normal cell division, amino acid metabolism, B12 coenzyme needed to recycle folate coenzyme for DNA syntheisis
dash diet
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Low in saturated fat, total fat, cholesterol, Rich in fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, Whole grains, poultry, fish, nuts, Reduced amounts of fats, red meats, sweets, sugared beverages
Explain the relationship between vitamin E and vitamin K.
Excessive levels of vitamin E will reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K.
who regualtes food additives
FDA
what regulates GM food
FDA, USDA and EPA
Which is true about riboflavin?
In the blood, riboflavin is transported by protein carriers. Hydrochloric acid releases riboflavin from its bound forms. 60 to 65% of riboflavin is absorbed via active transport or facilitated diffusion in the small intestine.
Where does most sodium absorption occur?
Intestines
Which vitamin was discovered when scientists fed chicks a nonfat diet and observed hemorrhages?
K
Where is niacin found and synthesized by?
Lean meats (chicken, fish, peanuts, yeast) and can be synthesized by tryptophan
Which is true about the transport and storage of thiamin?
Little thiamin is stored in the body Transported by red blood cells
vitamin a
Retinoids, exist in 3 forms: Retinol (alcohol) v Retinal (aldehyde) v Retinoic acid,which cannot be converted back to other forms
rod and cones in rentra
Rods = black-and-white images and detecting motion. v Cones = color images.
Biotin
a coenzyme used in fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and the formation of glucose
Osteoperosis
a condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, producing porous and fragile bones
food sustainability
ability to produce enough food to aintain human population.
rickets
abnormal condition that can occur in children mineralization of bones in children and bones will be weak; caused by a lack of vitamin D
sodium RDI
about 1500
food borne illness greatest risk from
viruses and bacteria
how does vitamin d from the doos or synthsis in skin become active
vit D from food or syntehsis in skin must be modified by liver and kidney to become active
Which water-soluble vitamin acts as an electron donor and has a cofactor role for several metalloenzymes?
vit c
what is the least stable vitamin
vitamin c
how to minimize exposure to pesticides
wash and peel frusts and vegetables, trim fats
Vitamin A Deficiency diseases
•Leading cause of blindness in the developing world •Night blindness -The rhodopsin is recycled more slowly •Retinoic acid maintains the mucus forming cell -Without mucus the the eye cannot maintain its moisture or wash away dirt particles -Bibot's spots -Leads to xeropthalmia (softening and scarring of the cornea