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Examples of syndesmosis

Distal tibiofibular joint Gomphosis (bolt or nail).Dentoalveolar joint. Root of teeth and their sockets connected by the periodontal ligament. In healthy teeth It permits no movement, or minute shock absorbing movements (synarthrosis). In inflamed or degenerated gums, it moves slightly and called periodontal disease.

Saddle joint

In a saddle joint, the articular surface of one bone is saddleshaped. This is really a modified condyloid joint, but the range of motion is expanded to include movement around all 3 axes.

Structural classification subcategories include:

Fibrous joints: (bones held together by dense collagen fibers) no synovial cavity. Cartilaginous joints (bones held together by cartilage) no synovial cavity. Synovial joints; have synovial cavity united by dense irregular connective tissue and also, held together by ligaments.

Cartilaginous joints

(bones held together by cartilage) no synovial cavity.

Examples of Fibrous Joints: 1-suture

-A suture is a fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that unites skull bones -Functionally classified as synarthroses immovable) in adults, but in infants and children they are amphiarthroses (slightly movable)

Symphysis Cartilaginous Joints: Example 2-symphesis

-Always occur in the midline of the body. - Pubic symphysis, the intervertebral disks of the spine, and the manubrium of the sternum. -In symphysis the articulating bones are covered by hyaline, and connected by fibrocartilage. -Functionally classified as amphiarthroses

Fibrous joints

-lack cartilage and a synovial cavity. - permit little or no movement. -The bones are held closely together by dense irregular connective tissue. -Suture joints in the skull and the teeth joints -Lack a synovial cavity -Permit little or no movement Types: Sutures ( sutur= seam) Syndesmoses (syndesmo=band) Interosseous membranes

Mmebranes of synovial

1-Outer fibrous membrane Dense connective tissue, gives flexible and tensile strength. Attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bones Helps stabilize the joint When arranged in parallel regular bundles they form ligaments 2-Inner synovial membrane Areolar connective tissue Secretes viscous, clear synovial fluid Sometimes Articular fat pads cushion within some joints (infrapatellar pad)

Rotation

A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.

Examples of Fibrous Joints: 2-syndesmosis

A syndesmosis is a fibrous joint in which there is more fibrous connective tissue than in a suture, more distance and permit limited movement. -Functionally classified as amphiarthroses, except for gomphoses of teeth that are synarthroses

Fibrous Joints: Example 3-Interosseous Membrane

An interosseous ligament is a fibrous joint made of a broad sheet of ligament that allows some movement between adjacent bones amphiarthrosis. And example is between the radius and ulna, Tibia and Fibula. Also the Interosseous membrane provide an increased attachment surface for muscles that produce movements of the digits. -Functionally classified as amphiarthroses

Diarthroses

Are freely moveable joints like the big "ball and socket" synovial joints of the shoulder and hip

Amphiarthroses

Are slightly movable joints like the cartilaginous pubic symphysis.

Distinguishing structures of synovial joint

Distinguishing structures of synovial joint 1-Articular hyaline cartilage Reduces friction between bones Helps absorb shock 2-Articular capsule 3-Synovial fluid 4-Accessory structures Ligaments and articular menisci Bursae and tendon sheaths -A two layered capsule encloses the synovial cavity: 1. An outer fibrous capsule 2. An inner synovial membrane

Cartilaginous Joints: Example 2-Synchondrosis (epiphyseal cartilage)

Epiphyseal growth plate is Functionally classified as synarthroses ( immovable), hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone after puberty. During childhood and puberty looks like a black line in X-ray indicates degree of growth.

Joint movements: gliding

Gliding - relatively flat bone surfaces move back-and forth and from side-to-side with respect to one another. Gliding movements are simple back-and-forth and side-toside movements. Occur when flat bone surfaces move back and forth or side to side. They are limited in range since there is no significant alteration of the angle between the bones. • Typical of the intercarpal joints And plantar joints

Synovial joints

Have synovial cavity united by dense irregular connective tissue and also, held together by ligaments.

ball and socket joint

In a ball-and-socket joint, the ball surface of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another bone. These joints allows the most movement of any joint. The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint - it has the most range of motion of any joint in the body.

condyloid

In a condyloid joint ( Condyle= knuckle) , the convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone (allowing movement around two axes).

Pivot joint

In a pivot joint, the rounded surface of one bone articulates with a ring structure formed by another bone and a ligament (allowing rotation around its longitudinal axis).

plantar joint

In a planar joint, the articulating surface is flat or slightly curved, permitting back and forth and side-to-side movements.

Cartilaginous Joints

Lack a synovial cavity Articulating bones are held together with cartilage connective tissue Permit little or no movement Types: Synchondroses Symphyses Cartilaginous joints consist of a bar of cartilage between two bones that are covered. They lack a synovial cavity and provide little or no movement.

hip joint

The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint formed by the femur and the hip bone, (os coxae). Ball-and-socket joint formed by head of the femur and acetabulum of the hip coxal bone Articular capsule is dense and strong, reinforced by several strong ligaments Acetabulum is a deep socket and fibrocartilage rim increases depth Permits rotation and every angular movement, however strong ligaments limit its range of motion

synovial fluid

The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid which functions to reduce friction by lubricating the joint and absorbing shocks. It also supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage, while removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes. The major joints of the arms, hips, and legs

Angular movements

There is an increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones

Synarthroses

are immoveable joints, like the fibrous joints of the skull.