302 Exam 2 - MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease? a. Syphilis b. Cancer c. Tuberculosis d. Smallpox
A
The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report? a. Principle of beneficence b. Principle of integrity c. Principle of respect for persons d. Principle of justice
A
Which of the following is the difference between anecdotal claims and frequency claims? a. Anecdotal claims involve a single variable, but frequency claims involve two variables. b. Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies, but frequency claims are. c. Anecdotal claims are less interesting than frequency claims. d. Anecdotal claims appear in newspapers, but frequency claims appear in journals.
B
According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? a. College students b. Members of minority racial groups c. People with Down's syndrome d. Immigrants
C
An independent variable is one that: a. Is manipulated b. Is measured c. Is kept constant d. Has one level
A
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. In this study, the authors were interested in students' math effort. Which of the following would NOT be a reasonable operational definition of math effort? a. An earnest attempt to solve math problems b. The number of math classes taken in college c. A score on a standardized measure of math effort d. The number of math problems students answered correctly
A
RESEARCH STUDY 3.2 Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon's and Dr. LaSalle's claims? a. Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim. b. Dr. LaSalle's claim goes further than Dr. Ramon's claim. c. Dr. LaSalle's claim is the same as Dr. Ramon's claim. d. Dr. Ramon's claim involves more variables than Dr. LaSalle's claim.
A
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment? a. Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another. b. Dr. Kang used a distractor task. c. The study was conducted at a university. d. The study was conducted by a professor.
A
The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of justice b. The principle of respect for persons c. The principle of beneficence d. The principle of integrity
A
Which of the following studies would probably NOT require an in-person IRB meeting to obtain approval? a. An anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot be changed b. An anonymous study looking at gang behavior in recent parolees c. A confidential study examining sleep patterns in newborns d. A confidential survey examining sexual behavior in mentally handicapped individuals
A
A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first—watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? a. The rule of covariance b. The rule of temporal precedence c. The third-variable rule d. Rule of parsimony
B
A dependent variable is one that: a. Is manipulated b. Is measured c. Is kept constant d. Has one level
B
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? a. The length of the distractor task b. The number of words remembered c. The emotional or neutral word list d. The number of words on the list
B
A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? a. The rule of covariance b. The rule of temporal precedence c. The third-variable rule d. Rule of parsimony
C
All of the following are true of IRBs in the United States EXCEPT: a. They can be found in settings other than colleges and universities b. They are mandated by federal law c. They must have a psychologist as a member d. They must have at least five members
C
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? a. The statistical validity of the study b. The internal validity of the study c. The construct validity of the study d. The external validity of the study
C
When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered? a. Refinement b. Reduction c. Replacement d. Recycling
C
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. How many variables are mentioned in this study/headline? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five
A
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Which of the following is a constant in this study/headline? a. The sex of the participants b. The effort on math problems c. The sex of the role model d. The number of researchers
A
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Manish's concern is addressing which of the following? a. The study's statistical validity b. The study's internal validity c. The study's external validity d. The study's construct validity
A
To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus on evaluating which of the following validities? a. Construct validity and external validity b. Statistical validity and external validity c. Internal validity and external validity d. Internal validity and construct validity
A
Which of the following is NOT true of variables? a. V ariables are the same as constants. b. Some variables can only be measured. c. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured. d. All variables must have operational definitions.
A
Dr. Ellison finds a relation between the amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association? a. Negative association b. Positive association c. Zero association d. There is not enough information to answer this question
B
Ethical decision making done by researchers can change in response to all of the following EXCEPT: a. Bad experiences of other researchers b. The possibility of additional grant funding c. Changing social norms d. Scientific discoveries
B
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waking them up during the night is to recalibrate the EEG machine. This would be an example of which of the following? a. Deception through omission b. Deception through commission c. Deception through permission d. Deception through exception
B
When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for the: a. Strength of the association b. Margin of error estimate c. Statistical significance d. Length of the measurement
B
Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees that the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? a. Negative association b. Positive association c. Zero association d. There is not enough information to answer this question
C
The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of respect for persons b. The principle of justice c. The principle of beneficence d. The principle of integrity
C
Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? a. He must make a frequency claim first. b. He must manipulate his two variables. c. He must measure his two variables. d. He must conduct an experiment.
D
The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have ________ principles and ________ standards. a. 3, 10 b. 3, 8 c. 3, 5 d. 5, 10
D
Which of the following phrases would NOT indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim? a. "Curbs" b. "Seems to decrease" c. "Suggests a change" d. "Is at higher risk of "
D
Which of the following is an association claim? a. "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction." b. "A majority of Americans like dogs." c. "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners." d. "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time."
A
Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study? a. Participants were harmed. b. Participants were not treated respectfully. c. Participants were not treated by actual doctors. d. Participants were from a disadvantaged social group.
C
Which of the following is NOT true of the Belmont Report? a. It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress. b. It was created in 1976. c. It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe. d. It yielded three guiding principles of ethical research.
C
Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? a. The statistical validity of the study b. The internal validity of the study c. The construct validity of the study d. The external validity of the study
D
Which of the following is NOT a reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data? a. They feel pressure to publish findings. b. They are convinced of the correctness of their own hypotheses. c. Research success has implications for promotion within their department. d. A journal might require it.
D
A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as ________. a. An IACUC b. An AIRB c. An AWA d. An IRB
A
Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study? a. The researcher b. The participants c. The peer reviewer d. The journalist
A
Which of the following has NOT been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers? a. Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans. b. Animal research requires less research funding than human research. c. Animal researchers are in favor of protecting and even enhancing animal welfare. d. Animal researchers continue to reduce the number of animals needed for animal research.
B
Written consent would not be required in any of the following situations with the EXCEPTION of: a. An observational study that measures walking speed of people entering and exiting buildings b. An anonymous study that measures the relationship between time spent grocery shopping and money spent on groceries c. A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior d. An anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed
C
In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association? a. The principle of consent and honesty b. The principle of reliability and validity c. The principle of honor and accountability/commitment d. The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility
D
Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies? a. Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception. b. Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception. c. Students can find deception to be stressful. d. Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing.
C
Which of the following validities is NOT examined in all research claims? a. Construct validity b. Statistical validity c. Internal validity d. External validity
C
RESEARCH STUDY 3.2 Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making? a. Anecdotal claim b. Association claim c. Causal claim d. Frequency claim
B
Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? a. Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not. b. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease. c. Participants were not told they had been infected with the disease. d. Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment.
B
In which of the following ways is an IACUC different from an IRB? a. IACUCs are optional at universities conducting animal research; IRBs are mandatory at universities conducting human research. b. Seeking permission from an IACUC is recommended but not required for animal research; IRB approval is required for human research. c. IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study. d. IRBs must follow federal guidelines, but IACUCs do not have federal guidelines to follow.
C
In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? a. Inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher b. Time investment of the study versus complexity of the study c. Importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study d. Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained
D
A Type I error is known as which of the following? a. A false positive b. A false negative c. A near miss d. A missed opportunity
A
Why is plagiarism a violation of ethics? a. It violates an APA standard. b. It violates a Belmont Principle. c. It is akin to lying. OBJ: Learning Objective 10 DIF: Medium d. It makes psychology researchers look bad.
A
Which of the following is NOT a research claim? a. Texting interferes with driver's ability to pay attention. b. A majority of drivers have reported texting while driving. c. Texting while driving is associated with poor impulse control. d. Teens spend too much time texting and driving.
D
Which of the following allow us to make better predictions using association claims? a. Strong positive associations b. Strong negative associations c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b
C
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang can make a causal claim that "emotion enhances memory" for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. He used a large number of participants b. There is a numeric difference between Groups A and B c. Reading the words occurred before recalling the words d. Dr. Kang treated Groups A and B identically except for the emotional word content
A
In addition to being an ethical violation, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic? a. Because they are impossible to discover. b. Because they impede scientific progress. c. Because they are federal crimes. d. Because data are easy to acquire.
B
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Anton is concerned that the researcher made a Type I error. What does that mean? a. The researcher failed to consider a third variable. b. The researcher concluded there was a relationship, but there isn't really one. c. The researcher failed to establish the first rule of causation, d. The research did not make a Type II error.
B
Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? a. A researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate b. A researcher offering 3 points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study c. A researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study d. A researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants
B
Which of the following is true of operational definitions? a. Conceptual definition and operational definition mean the same thing. b. Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others. c. Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined. d. Operational definitions answer the question, "Why did the researchers measure this variable?"
B
When determining whether a study should be conducted, we have to balance which two issues? a. The costs of conducting the study vs. the benefits gained by the researcher. b. The type of people negatively affected vs. the type of people positively affected. c. The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain. d. The number of people negatively affected vs. the number of people positively affected.
C
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. In this study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following? a. A constant b. A variable's level c. A measured variable d. A manipulated variable
C
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? a. The covariance of the study b. The temporal precedence of the study c. The internal validity of the study d. The external validity of the study
C
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. If Dr. Kang decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened? a. The covariance of the study b. The temporal precedence of the study c. The internal validity of the study d. The external validity of the study
C
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Which of the following is a variable in this study/headline? a. The sex of the participants b. The major of the participants c. The math test d. The sex of the role model
D
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing? a. Dr. Kline only needs to invite participants who were troubled by the study to the debriefing session. b. Because his study has potential medical applications, the use of a debriefing session is optional. c. During the debriefing, Dr. Kline only needs to tell the participants that there was deception. d. Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.
D
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member? a. A prisoner advocate b. A criminal justice professor c. The prison warden d. A prisoner
A
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? a. According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection. b. Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth. c. Prisoners are unable to give informed consent. d. More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kline can actually study.
A
What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? a. Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names. b. Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants. c. Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants. d. Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing.
A
Which of the following is NOT a reason that a researcher might include debriefing in their study? a. It prevents researchers from being sued. b. It allows researchers to make research an educational experience. c. It gives participants insight into the nature of psychological science. d. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.
A
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Why should Anton NOT interrogate the internal validity of the study? a. Because he is a student, not a researcher b. Because the author of the study already did c. Because the claim is an association claim d. Because he has not taken statistics yet
C
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang's study? a. The length of the distractor task b. The number of words remembered c. The emotional or neutral word list d. The number of words on the list
C
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kline recruit for his study? a. People with a history of sleep deprivation b. Children from a local daycare center c. Students from a community college d. Patients from Dr. Kline's clinical psychology practice
C
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon receiving IRB approval, Dr. Kline trusts his graduate student to conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kline with invented results that support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following? a. Data fabrication b. Data falsification c. Plagiarism d. Intellectual property destruction
A
RESEARCH STUDY 3.2 Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making? a. Anecdotal claim b. Association claim c. Causal claim d. Frequency claim
C
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of integrity b. The principle of respect for persons c. The principle of beneficence d. The principle of justice
D
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kline would need to ask which of the following questions? a. Are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people not in my study? b. What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants? c. Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent? d. Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study?
B
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following? a. The study's statistical validity b. The study's internal validity c. The study's external validity d. The study's construct validity
C
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether or not to use deception? a. Whether his IRB will approve the use of deception b. Whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe c. Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception d. Whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception
C
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline's IRB requires him to obtain written informed consent. Which of the following does Dr. Kline NOT need to include in his informed consent document? a. Everyday language b. A statement of risks c. A description of the study's hypotheses d. A list of procedures
C
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? a. The study's statistical validity b. The study's internal validity c. The study's external validity d. The study's construct validity
D
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. As a psychologist who primarily does research, Dr. Kline is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
D
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of beneficence b. The principle of justice c. The principle of integrity d. The principle of respect for persons
D
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kline's study? a. He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not be awake during most of the study. b. He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception. c. He does need to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous. d. He does need to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study.
D