315 ch.13

What stimulus was "Little Albert" conditioned to fear by Watson and Rayner in a demonstration of conditioned phobias?

a white rat

Dr. Queensland knows that he cannot directly observe his client as she interacts with others in her college classes, but he suspects that such information could help him treat her anxiety disorder. So he creates a simulated situation that will allow him to watch her behavior in a similar circumstance. This is an example of ________ behavioral observation.

analogue

Marco is extremely overweight, and his therapist is helping him overcome the urge to eat unhealthy foods. Marco is urged to imagine having a heart attack and the resulting hospital stay when he is tempted to eat donuts. Over time Marco loses the appetite for the unhealthy treat. Marco has been helped through the use of

aversion therapy.

When marriage and family therapists were polled to find out the theoretical approaches that most commonly inform their practice, "________" was the most commonly-cited approach.

cognitive-behavioral

Dr. Montalvo tells his philosophy class "if the entire class averages an A on the first exam, I will reduce the length of your semester writing assignment from 15 to 10 pages. But if even one student gets an F on the test, the deal is off!" Dr. Montalvo is using group ________ to help encourage his students to do well on the test.

contingency intervention

If you were to summarize several of the criticisms of the behavioral/social learning approach to psychology, you might argue that it is too

reductionistic.

Martavis has two choices for his Friday evening activity. He can either go to a party with some friends, or he can stay home and study for an important exam on Monday. The first option offers a lot of immediate fun, but the second option means he won't have to waste his entire Saturday and Sunday studying. In deciding which outcome he will prefer, Martavis is weighing the ________ of each of his options

reinforcement values

Danielle is a therapist who is working with a client who has anger management issues. She asks him to imagine a situation that would normally get him very angry and to practice using more adaptive responses to these situations. He tries several times before finding a response that feels normal and natural to him. Then he is encouraged to put these new strategies into effect in his daily life. Danielle and her client have been working using a technique called

role playing.

Mauricio has been told by some people that he tends to be thoughtless and rude, often making comments without stopping to think about how others will react. His therapist, Dr. Eichelbaum, encourages him to use an app on his cell phone where he records instances where others react negatively to his comments. He is to record the day, time, topic of discussion, and his own words as well as his perception of the ways in which others react to him. Mauricio is using ________ to help improve his social behaviors.

self-monitoring

Mitzi is terrified of bugs. Ants, spiders, flies.... it makes no difference. Any bug will cause her to jump, scream, and run to a different seat or room. Her therapist helps her to create a list of stimuli related to bugs, each of which is slightly more threatening than the last. He then instructs her in relaxation training. Finally they work together to expose her to each step on her list, attempting to replace her fear response with one of calm. This form of therapy is called _________ and it is based on the principles of _________.

systematic desensitization; classical conditioning

This theorist, arguably one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century, was important in developing both social cognitive theory and exploring the concept of observational learning.

Albert Bandura

In the concept of reciprocal determinism, how do the three factors (behaviors, internal factors, and external factors) interact?

All three factors are believed to impact each other simultaneously.

Which formula is used by Rotter to describe the ability to predict a given person's behavior when faced with a variety of action options?

BP = E + RV

What is the primary difference between Bandura's social cognitive theory of learning and the other conditioning theories that came before?

Bandura's model considers thinking and symbolic processing of information.

Which theorist, who was very influential in his promotion of the social learning approach, moved away from the strict behavioral model by advocating for consideration of unobservable concepts in the study of personality?

Julian Rotter