37

1. When a disease maintains a relatively steady, low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval, it is called A. sporadic. B. hyperendemic. C. endemic. D. an epidemic.

c

17. The __________ rate is the relationship of the number of deaths from a given disease to the total number of cases of the disease. A. prevalence B. morbidity C. mortality D. index

c

23. ___________ immunity is an epidemiological concept that explains the resistance of a population to infection and the spread of an infectious organism due to the immunity of a high percentage of the population. A. Natural B. Experimental C. Herd D. Innate

c

7. The first epidemiologist was A. Robert Koch. B. Louis Pasteur. C. John Snow. D. Edward Jenner.

c

9. An epidemic is A. a disease that maintains a steady low level frequency. B. when a disease occurs occasionally and at erratic intervals in the human population. C. a sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease above the expected level. D. a sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a limited segment of a population.

c

11. The science of epidemiology A. evaluates the control of disease in a defined population. B. evolved in relation to the great epidemic diseases. C. embraces all diseases. D. all of these

d

18. An infectious disease may A. be mild. B. be severe. C. kill the host. D. all of the choices

d

2. The sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease above the expected level is called A. sporadic. B. hyperendemic. C. endemic. D. an epidemic.

d

24. An organism that is able to be transmitted from one host to another is said to be A. infective. B. virulent. C. pathogenic. D. communicable.

d

26. Which of the following is a mechanism by which new susceptible individuals enter a population? A. Birth of new individuals. B. Migration of individuals into the population. C. Enhancement of immune systems through immunization. D. Birth of new individuals and migration of individuals into the population.

d

30. Which of the following is considered a newly emerging disease? A. Escherichia coli O157:H7 B. Cryptosporidiosis C. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome D. All of the choices

d

31. Which of the following contributes to the emergence of new diseases? A. Rapid transportation systems and the mobility of the population. B. Ecological disruption such as the loss of predators and the destruction of rain forests. C. Increased drug usage and sexual promiscuity. D. All of the choices.

d

40. Which of the following is used to reduce or eliminate the source of an infection? A. Treatment of sewage to reduce water contamination. B. Destruction of vectors by spraying insecticides. C. Destruction of an animal reservoir of the infectious agent. D. All of the choices are used to reduce or eliminate the source of an infection.

d

47. Precautions that can be taken by individuals to prevent travel-related infectious diseases include A. wash hands with soap and water frequently. B. get or update vaccinations appropriate for specific destinations. C. take antibiotics prophylactically for potential bacterial infections. D. wash hands with soap and water frequently and get or update vaccinations appropriate for specific destinations. E. wash hands with soap and water frequently, get or update vaccinations appropriate for specific destinations, and take antibiotics prophylactically for potential bacterial infections.

d

12. After an infectious disease has been identified in a population, the next step is to correlate the disease outbreak with a specific organism. t/f

true

35. An infection that is incubating in a patient at the time of admission and which develops clinical symptoms during the patient's stay in a health care facility is not considered nosocomial. t/f

true

41. Active immunization of a population will raise the general level of herd immunity. t/f

true

42. Antigens in vaccines are mixed with an adjuvant to enhance the rate and degree of immunization. T/f

true

43. Vaccines using inactivated pathogens do not stimulate cell-mediated immunity as effectively as vaccines using attenuated pathogens. T/f

true

44. The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act identifies select agents and categorizes them as either level 1, 2, or 3. t/f

true

6. Nosocomial infections are ones that develop within any health care facility. t/f

true

16. The __________ rate refers to the total number of individuals infected at any one time regardless of when the disease began. A. prevalence B. morbidity C. mortality D. index

a

20. A __________ epidemic is characterized by a relatively slow and prolonged rise then a gradual decline in the number of individuals infected. A. propagated B. common-source C. herd D. sporadic

a

22. Which type of epidemic usually results from the introduction of a single infected individual into a susceptible population? A. propagated B. common-source C. herd D. sporadic

a

25. The site or natural environmental location in which the causative organism is normally found is called the A. reservoir. B. source. C. carrier. D. animate phase.

a

32. __________ are the leading cause of nosocomial diseases. A. Bacteria B. Viruses C. Protozoa D. Fungi

a

38. An infected individual who is a potential source of infection for others and plays an important role in the epidemiology of the disease is a A. carrier. B. reservoir. C. host. D. index case.

a

5. The sudden, unexpected occurrence of a disease in a limited segment of a population is called a(n) A. outbreak. B. incident. C. epidemic. D. sporadic disease.

a

15. A __________ rate measures the number of individuals who become ill as a result of a specific disease within a susceptible population during a specific time period. A. prevalence B. morbidity C. mortality D. index

b

19. A __________ epidemic is characterized by a sharp rise to a peak then a rapid, but not as pronounced, decline in the number of individuals infected. A. propagated B. common-source C. herd D. sporadic

b

21. Which type of epidemic usually results from a single contaminated source such as food? A. propagated B. common-source C. herd D. sporadic

b

3. The first case in an epidemic is called the A. break case. B. index case. C. prime case. D. alpha case.

b

33. The most common nosocomial infections are A. respiratory tract infections. B. urinary tract infections. C. gastrointestinal tract infections. D. skin infections.

b

34. The Centers for Disease Control estimate that __________ of all hospital patients acquire some type of nosocomial infection. A. about 1% B. about 10% C. about 20% D. about 50%

b

39. Chlorination of water supplies represents an epidemiological technique directed at A. eliminating susceptible individuals. B. eliminating sources of infection. C. sterilizing water. D. improving the palatability of water.

b

4. A(n) __________ is an increase in disease occurrence within a large population over a very wide region (usually the world). A. endemic B. pandemic C. epidemic D. sporadic disease

b

46. The intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, and plants is known as A. chemical warfare. B. bioterrorism. C. zoonosis. D. all of the choices

b

6. Diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans are called A. animal and human diseases. B. zoonoses. C. communicable diseases. D. contagious diseases.

b

8. Which of the following is the major focus of epidemiologists? A. The discovery of factors essential to disease occurrence. B. The development of methods for disease prevention. C. Measuring the level of resistance to antimicrobial agents. D. Both the discovery of factors essential to disease occurrence and the development of methods for disease prevention. E. Both the discovery of factors essential to disease occurrence and measuring the level of resistance to antimicrobial agents. F. Both the development of methods for disease prevention and measuring the level of resistance to antimicrobial agents.

d

14. Public health surveillance is the proactive evaluation of A. genetic background. B. environmental conditions. C. human behaviors and lifestyle choices. D. emerging infectious agents. E. all of the choices

e

13. Surveillance of health issues is typically accomplished by two methods: population surveys and antibiotic treatment. t/f

false

27. A major, genetically determined change in the antigenic character of a pathogen is called antigenic drift. t/f

false

Most organisms that cause nosocomial infections come from endogenous sources. t/f

false