4.3

What effects did technology and ideas have on Eastern Hemisphere?

Rubber was first used as an eraser Quinine provided a treatment for malaria

What effects did new crops have on the Western Hemisphere?

-Deforestation to make way for sugar, wheat, barley, okra, rice, and other crops -Soil depletion from growing the same crops repeatedly on the same land

What effects did new animals have on the Western Hemisphere?

-Overgrazing by cattle, sheep, and goats -Soil erosion because of the overgrazing -Spread of diseases from mosquitoes, rats, and livestock

What effects did people have on the Western Hemisphere?

-Racial diversity -Chattel slavery -Social structures based on race and ethnicity

Explain why Portugal had a labor shortage for their cash crop? What was their solution?

As disease decimated the indigenous population, there were not enough laborers available to do the cultivation. The african slaves were their solution in means of forced labor.

Describe the conditions that slaves worked under

Backbreaking work conditions, poor nutrition, lack of adequate shelter, tropical heat, and diseases that accompanied such heat.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, millions of Africans were kidnapped by slave traders, yet the population in Africa grew - why?

Because of the nutritious foods that were introduced to the continent.

What effects did new crops have on the Eastern Hemisphere?

Better nutrition Increase in population Greater wealth

How did the Columbian Exchange impact the environment? Explain.

Colonists cut down trees to clear areas for planting crops, and they created large fields that they cultivated year after year. As a result, deforestation and soil depletion became problems in the Americas. In addition, Europeans often lived in more densely populated communities than did American Indians. This increased the strain on water resources and created more concentrated areas of pollution.

What effects did people have on the Eastern Hemisphere?

Ethnic diversity

What effects did technology and ideas have on the Western Hemisphere?

Improved communication New methods for hunting and warfare

What effects did disease have on the Eastern Hemisphere?

Increased health risks

How did the introduction of the horse change the culture of American Indians? How did it change their food supply?

Indians could hunt buffalo on horseback so efficiently that they had a surplus of food.

What impact did new crops such as wheat and grapes have on the indigenous peoples?

It became a staple of the american diet

What effects did new animals have on the Eastern Hemisphere?

More diverse diet New types of textiles

Along with germs and disease, what other items were exchanged through the Columbian Exchange?

New crops and livestock

What new foods did Africans bring to the Americas?

Okra and rice

What else became part of the Columbian exchange?

People themselves

What item did Spain focus on getting from the new world?

Silver

What effects did disease have on the Western Hemisphere?

Spread of disease Millions of deaths among Native American populations

How did the growing of sugar lead to the transatlantic slave trade?

Sugar cultivation in Brazil demanded the constant importation of African labor.

Which cash crop did Portugal focus on growing? Where did they grow this crop?

Sugarcane, Brazil

Why were Africans not able to transplant their languages to the Americas?

The captives were forced away from their communities, and they soon found themselves on ships among captives from all across West Africa.

What was the transatlantic slave trade?

The kidnapping of and export of africans against their will from West Africa to the Americas to be slaves.

Why did the indigenous people lack the immunities the Europeans had?

The people of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres had been almost completely isolated from each other which means the indigenous people of the americas had no exposure nor immunity to the germs and diseases brought by the Europeans.

What was the unintended consequence of the Spanish mining silver in the Americas? What did this eventually lead to?

The silver sparked inflation in spain, contributing to the downfall of the Spanish Empire

What are cash crops? Provide examples.

They are grown for sale rather than subsistence.

How did new foods from the Americas like maize, cacao, potatoes and tomatoes affect European populations?

They caused a tremendous population growth in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Explain how captives in the Americas were able to keep parts of their cultures. Give examples.

They weren't completely lost when people arrived, languages, music, food.

Where were most of the slaves sent?

To the Caribbean and South America

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology diseases and ideas between the americas, west africa, and the old world.