5. Motivation
Views of motivation
1. Participant or trait centered view - motivated behavior primarily a function of individual characteristics 2. Situation-centered view - motivated behavior determined by situational factors 3. Interactional view - motivated behavior resulted from interaction of participant and situational factors
Major motives for exercise participants
Joining - health factors/ feeling better - weight loss - fitness - self-challenge Continuing - enjoyment - like instructor/ type of activity - social factors
Motivational rewards
What motivates you? - intrinsic vs. extrinsic - controlled vs. not controlled
Attributions
how people explain their success and failures
Internal vs. External Attributes
internal - realize your effort made you successful (better to have internal b/c you can control it) external - attribute success to something out of your control
Developing a realistic view of motivation
• Motivation is key variable in learning and performance • Other physical and psychological factors beyond motivation influence behavior and must be considered • Some motivational factors are more easily influenced than others
Keys to the Achievement Goal Theory
• focus extra attention on task-oriented goals • foster mastery or task motivational climates • approach vs. avoidance (of failure) orientation
5 Guidelines for Building Motivation
1. Both situations and traits motivate people 2. People have multiple motives for involvement 3. Change the environment to enhance motivation (competitive or recreational) 4. Leaders influence motivation directly and indirectly 5. Use behavior modification to change undesirable participant motives
Implications for professional practice
1. Recognize interaction of personal and situational factors influencing achievement behavior 2. Emphasize mastery (task) goals and downplay outcome goals 3. Monitor and alter attributional feedback 4. Asses and correct inappropriate attributions 5. Determine when competitive goals are appropriate 6. Enhance feelings of competence and control
Achievement Goal Theory
Ego Goal Orientation: motivated by comparing yourself to others (or competitive goal orientation) Task Goal Orientation: achieve success by getting better - focus on improving relative to your past performance (or mastery goal orientation)
Achievement Motivation
an individuals orientation to strive for task success, persist in the face of failure, and experience pride in accomplishments
Motivation
direction and intensity of effort
What does achievement motivation influence?
• choice of activities • effort to pursue goals • intensity of effort • persistance (in the face of failure)
Major motives for sport participants
• improving skills • having fun • being with friends • experience thrills/ excitement • achieving success • developing fitness
How to identify participant motives
• observe participants • talk informally to others • ask participants directly
Attribution categories
• stability - stable or unstable • locus of causality - internal or external • locus of control - in ones control or out of ones control