6 chapter
What do researchers currently believe regarding amnesia?
Amnesia reinforces the difference between semantic and episodic memory, as people with amnesia can have one type preserved with the other type impaired.
Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?
Chunk the information
One subtype of implicit memory involves ______ -________ which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli so that one stimulus comes to evoke the same response as the other.,
Classical conditioning
People remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same external circumstances in which they learned it. This describes
Context dependent memory
The _____ __________ principle is the idea that information present at the time of learning tends to make an effective retrieval cue.
Encoding Specificity
Flashbulb memories tend to be extremely accurate.
False
Implicit memory has to do with remembering
How
Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory?
It allows us to learn from our experiences./Sharing personal experience creates social bonds./It provides us with identity.
What is the role of the amygdala in memory?
It plays an important role in emotional memory.
Which statements are true regarding eyewitness testimony?
Memory can fade./Bias may be involved./Memory can be distorted by new information.
_____ may be the ink with which memories are written because they play a crucial role in forging the connections that represent memory.
Neurotransmitters
Lee Anne is telling her children stories about when she was young. Although the children keep asking Lee Anne for stories about when she was a little girl Lee Anne can more easily remember events that occurred when she was a teenager and in her 20s. Lee Anne's memories are consistent with the idea of the,
Reminiscence bump
A(n)______ is a preexisting mental framework that helps people to organize and interpret information.
Schema
Which of the following is the best example of the reminiscence bump?
Stephanie remembers more things that happened in her teens and 20s than she does for events in any other decade of her life.
Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy H. M.'s _____ memory was impaired, but his _____ memory was less affected.
,explicit/implicit
______ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses
.sensory
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory storage
3 separate memory systems.
According to researchers such as George Miller short-term memory's capacity is_____ plus or minus _____.
7,2
Traumatic memories appear to be linked to the release of stress-related hormones. In the brain the _______and the _______are involved in the release of stress-related hormones.,
amygdala hippocampus
Not being able to remember what happened after you fell down and hit your head is called ___________amnesia.
anterograde
Not being able to remember what happened after you fell down and hit your head is called___________ amnesia.
anterograde
H. M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of
anterograde amnesia.
Uncle Charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that these stories evolve over time but they enjoy hearing them because Charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how _____ memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds.
autobiographical
In the brain the ______is involved in the implicit memory required to perform skills.,
cerebellum
Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?
chunk the information
One subtype of implicit memory involves _____ which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.
classical conditioning
Memories are best classified as
collections of connected neurons working together.
Anterograde amnesia is a memory disorder that affects the retention of memories that
contain new information and events.
_______ stories are stories about life experiences that go from good to bad.
contamination
Brenda was somewhat rattled when she discovered that the final exam for one of her classes would be held in a different lecture hall than the one the class is normally in. She just finished a learning and behavior class so she understands the principle that applies to this situation. What principle would that be?
context-dependent memory
Which theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting?
decay
The term _____ refers to a continuum from shallow to intermediate to deep with deeper producing better memory.,levels of processing,
elaboration
When _____ is extensive the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing
elaboration
The amygdala plays an important role in ______ memory.
emotional
Flashbulb memories are memories of ______ events.
emotionally important
The initial recording of information into memory is called
encoding
________-failure occurs when the information has never entered long-term memory.
encoding
The fact that most people aren't able to select the correct picture of a penny out of several variations provides a strong example of
encoding failure
The ______ ______ principle is the idea that information present at the time of learning tends to make an effective retrieval cue.
encoding specificity
The process by which information gets into memory storage is
encodinng
Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy H. M.'s_________ memory was impaired but his _________memory was less affected.
explicit/implicit
In forensic psychology most of the interest in ___________testimony focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory.
eyewitness
The memories of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events are referred to as _________ Memories
flashbulb
_______memories may feel very accurate because they are so much more vivid than other memories but the details of those memories are not always correct.
flashbulb
Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on
forgetting
Traumatic memories appear to be linked to the release of stress-related hormones. Which brain areas are involved in the release of stress related hormones?
hippocampus, amygdala
The term used to denote visual sensory memory that is retained for about one-quarter of a second is
iconic memory
The type of very brief visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a fireworks sparkler is ____ memory.
iconic or sensory
The cerebellum is involved in the _____ memory required to perform skills.
implicit
memory is when behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of the experience.
implicit
The term _____ refers to a continuum from shallow to intermediate to deep with deeper producing better memory,
levels of processing
is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.
memory
Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that
memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have.
The number of digits an individual can report back after a single presentation of them is a reflection of
memory span
Dr. Wu asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wu is familiar with the research on memory and understands that,
memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.
Which of the following are subsystems of implicit memory?
priming/classical conditioning/procedural memory
_____ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; _____ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.
recall/recognition
stories are stories about life experiences that go from bad to better.
redemption
Kenji seemed to forget that he was abused by a family member when he was very young. When he later remembered that he was the victim of this abuse he uncovered what psychologists call a _____ memory.
repressed
Which of the following refers to a defense mechanism by which a person is so traumatized by an event that they forget it and then forget the act of forgetting?
repression
Memory is defined as the
retention of information or experience over time.
Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as,
retrieval
Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?
retrieval
_______ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage—that is when we recall or remember something.,
retrieval
Toddler Christine loves to play restaurant. She knows the whole routine: find a restaurant be seated, look at menus, order food, eat food, pay, and leave. The best term for this is a(n) _____, which is a schema for an event.,
script
Ashleigh is studying for an exam. As she studies she thinks about how different concepts remind her of events and situations that have occurred in her own life. Ashleigh is using,
self referencing
Denisha is studying for an exam. As she studies different concepts she helps herself to remember by making up examples of the concepts that relate to her own life. Denisha is using _____ to help her remember the course concepts.,
self referencing
The three systems of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are ______ memory short-term memory, and long-term memory.,
sensory
The type of very brief visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a fireworks sparkler is_______memory.
sensory memory
Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?
sensory memory
The _______ position effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle
serial
Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated at the same time the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?
the concept of long-term potentiation
Bradford has three dogs so he is well acquainted with his veterinarian. However, when he sees her at the grocery store without her scrub suit and out of her office, he can't remember who she is. This is an example of,
the encoding specificity principle.
Ariadna tried to remember her grocery list but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates,
the serial position effect.
Which of the following describes implicit memory?
the unconscious recollection of how to do something
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory storage
there are three separate memory systems.
Rehearsal increases the length of
time that information can be held in short-term memory.
In 1890 American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to_______events.,
traumatic
Explicit memory has to do with remembering
who, what, where, when, and why.,True
All three subsystems of implicit memory involve memories that
you are not aware of but that influence your behavior.
Which of the following roles do the preexisting mental frameworks called schemas have concerning the information we get from the environment?
They affect how we make inferences about the information./They affect how we encode the information./They affect how we retrieve the information.
Which statements are true of memories of traumatic events?
They may be detailed. They may include vivid recollections./They may be more accurate than memories of nontraumatic events.
Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?
This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.
People with amnesia may forget episodic information but have semantic information still completely intact and vice versa.,
True
