6.13- the end of chapter 7
Reduced as glucose is oxidized
NAD+
Carries hydrogen and electrons from oxidation of glucose
NADH
light energy absorbed by chlorophyll molecules built into the thylakoid membranes is used to drive the transfer of electrons and H+ from water to the electron acccepter->
NADP+
ATP synthase makes ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
FADH2 and NADH deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to this stage
Oxidative phosphorylation
Here electrons and hydrogen ions combine with O2 to form H2O
Oxidative phosphorylation
Not involved In glycolysis
Oxygen
Because they use the energy of light plants and other photo synthesizers are specifically called?
Photo autotrophs
What uses energy from the sun to produce carbohydrates?
Photosynthesis
When plants uses solar energy to convert co3 and h2O to sugars and other organic molecules, and they release o2 as a by product
Photosynthesis
Glucose converted to 2 molecules of this
Pyruvate
Molecule that is "groomed" to enter krebs cycle
Pyruvate
Organic molecules from food provide what for biosynthesis?
Raw materials
The Calvin cycle is cyclic because
RuBP is regenerated in the final chemical reaction.
Assembled to make ATP
ADP AND P
A buildup of ____________ initiates the inhibition of an enzyme that functions early in glycolysis.
ATP
Cells must produce what?
ATP
Invested as activation energy at the start of the process
ATP
the ETC generates?
ATP and NADPH
the two stages of photosynthesis are linked by
ATP and NADPH
what powers sugar synthesis in the calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
light reactions produce?
ATP and NADPH for the calvin cycle
uses the energy found within a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP
ATP synthase
What are self feeders -they make their own food?
Autotrophs
What makes their own food?
Autotrophs
What initial observation led scientists to hypothesize that brown fat may be activated by cold temperatures?
Brown fat tissue was found at higher levels when the scans were taken during cold weather.
what is it called when the first product of carbon fixation is the three-carbon compound 3-PGA
C3 plants
species adapted to very dry climates
CAM plants
What uses many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration?
Cells
Generated most of CO2 produced by cellular respiration
Citric acid cycle
Occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane
Citric acid cycle
generates fewer molecules of ATP because it contributes its electrons further along the electron transport chain.
FADH2
True or false: A substance that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H1 (H1 would be able to leak across the membrane at points other than ATP synthase) increases ATP production in mitochondria. If false, make it a correct statement.
False, it would decrease ATP production as ATP synthase efficiency would be reduced.
True or false: Each turn of the Calvin cycle produces one molecule of glucose. If false, make it a correct statement.
False, one turn of the Calvin cycle makes a 3-carbon sugar called G3P. It would take two turns of the Calvin cycle to make a 6-carbon glucose.
True or false: Red wavelengths of light have more energy than purple wavelengths of light. If false, make it a correct statement. Refer to Figure 7.6A on page 112 in your textbook for help to answer this question.
False, red wavelengths of light have less energy than violet (purple) wavelengths.
Metabolic pathways are often regulated by what?
Feedback inhibition
What allows cells to produce ATP with our oxygen
Fermentation
List three benefits of photosynthetic products to humans.
Food, fuel, and removal of CO2 from the atmosphere
Fuel molecule broken down in glycolysis
Glucose
"Breaking down sugar"
Glycolysis
Occurs outside the mitochondrian
Glycolysis
Produces a net of 2 ATPs per glucose
Glycolysis
What occurs in the cytosine of cells of nearly all organisms and is thought to have evolved in ancient prokaryotes?
Glycolysis
List two sources of evidence that indicate glycolysis is extremely old.
Glycolysis is universal, and it does not occur within a membrane-bound organelle.
What is the order of the main stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
Begins the oxidation of glucose
Glycolyssi
The concentration gradient drive what back through ATP synthase, powering the synthesis of ATP
H+
the etc pumps what into the thylakoid space?
H+
What eats plants and absorbs nutrients from decomposing organisms?
Heterotrophs
What obtains food by consuming other living things?
Heterotrophs
Cells uses what from cellular respiration for biosynthesis and other organic molecules?
Intermediates
-uses energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP AND NADP+ into energy carriers (ATOP AND NADPH) -occurs in the thylakoids of chloroplasts
Light dependent reactions
Use ATP AND NADPH from the light dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars -occur in the storms of chlorosplasts
Light independent or Calvin cycle
Briefly explain what links the two stages of photosynthesis with each other.
The two stages of photosynthesis are linked by the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. ATP and NADPH are used in the dark reactions to power the synthesis of sugar.
A plant uses the products of the Calvin cycle for which of the following?
To make starch To make cellulose To make molecules used in protein synthesis
True or false: A photoautotroph is a type of heterotroph that uses solar energy to produce sugars. If false, make it a correct statement.
True or false: A photoautotroph is a type of heterotroph that uses solar energy to produce sugars. If false, make it a correct statement.
True or false: During photosynthesis, CO2 is split to release oxygen gas. If false, make it a correct statement
True or false: During photosynthesis, CO2 is split to release oxygen gas. If false, make it a correct
are so named because they first fix CO2 into a 4C compound
c4 plants
A toxin is found to inhibit the uptake of CO2 into plant leaves. This toxin would most directly affect the ____________.
calvin cycle
pccurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
calvin cycle
this substance provides the majority of the atoms that make up the sugar produced by photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide
what are the steps of the calvin cycle?
carbon fixatioin, reductions, release of G3P , and regeneration of RuBP
the incorporation of carbon from CO2 into into organic compounds
carbon fixation
____________ reacts with ozone to turn it into ____________. Chlorine O2
chlorine and O2
a light absorbing pigment in the phloroplasts that plays a cnetral role in converting solar energy to chemical energy
chlorophyll
A plant's leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis. A plant's leaves would be expected to have a large amount of ____________.
chloroplasts
are surrounded by a double membrane and contain stacks of thylakoids and a thick fluid called stroma
chloroplasts
where does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplasts
the full range of electromagnetic wavelengths from the very short gamma rays to the very long wavelength radio waves
electromagnetic spectrum
what reduces NADP+ to NADPH
electrons
G3P is used to build what?
glucose and other organic molecules
cannot make their own food but must consume plants or animals or decompose organic material
heterotrophs
which occur in the thykaloids, include the steps that convert light energy to chemical energy and release O2
light reactions
The two complexes of pigments that constitute a photosystem include _____________________ and the _______________________. reaction-center complex
light-harvesting complex and reacition-center complex
the green tissue in the interior of the leaf
mesophyll
Fermentation is essentially glycolysis because glycolysis does not require _________________ to function.
oxygen
The driving force behind oxidative phosphorylation is ____________.
oxygen
a fixed quantity of energy, and the shorter the wavelength of light, the greater the energy of it photons
photon
_______________ is the process by which a plant adds O2 to RuBP instead of CO2.
photorespiration
when it occurs in the light and, like respiration, it consumes O2 and releases CO2
photorespiration
makes sugar form CO2 and H2O, provuding foor adn O2 for almost all living things
photosynthesis
redox processes
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
consisits of a number of light harvesting complexes surrounding a reaction center complex
photosystem
what regains electrons as water is split and O2 is released?
photosystem II
electrons shuttle from what to what?
photosystem II to photosystem I
Produces NADPH.
photosystem i
Produces ATP. Splits water.
photosystem ii
what captures solar energy?
photosystems
In lactic acid fermentation, __________ becomes the target of reduction by NADH.
pyruvate
tiny pores
stomata
in the chloroplast, an envelope of two membranes encloses and inner compartment, which is filled with a thick fluied
stroma
two photosystems are connected by?
the ETC
what does photosynthesis fuel?
the biosphere
The only portion of cellular respiration that is cyclic is ____________.
the citric acid cycle
What links photosystem I with photosystem II?
the electrons passed between the two photosystems
a system of interconnected membranous sacs
thylakoids
True or false: Brown fat contains mitochondria. If false, make it a correct statement.
true
True or false: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle both function as metabolic interchanges where the products of their chemical reactions can also be used for biosynthesis. If false, make it a correct statement.
true
what drives light reactions?
visible radiation absorbed by pgiments
the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves
wavelength