6.13- the end of chapter 7

Reduced as glucose is oxidized

NAD+

Carries hydrogen and electrons from oxidation of glucose

NADH

light energy absorbed by chlorophyll molecules built into the thylakoid membranes is used to drive the transfer of electrons and H+ from water to the electron acccepter->

NADP+

ATP synthase makes ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation

FADH2 and NADH deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to this stage

Oxidative phosphorylation

Here electrons and hydrogen ions combine with O2 to form H2O

Oxidative phosphorylation

Not involved In glycolysis

Oxygen

Because they use the energy of light plants and other photo synthesizers are specifically called?

Photo autotrophs

What uses energy from the sun to produce carbohydrates?

Photosynthesis

When plants uses solar energy to convert co3 and h2O to sugars and other organic molecules, and they release o2 as a by product

Photosynthesis

Glucose converted to 2 molecules of this

Pyruvate

Molecule that is "groomed" to enter krebs cycle

Pyruvate

Organic molecules from food provide what for biosynthesis?

Raw materials

The Calvin cycle is cyclic because

RuBP is regenerated in the final chemical reaction.

Assembled to make ATP

ADP AND P

A buildup of ____________ initiates the inhibition of an enzyme that functions early in glycolysis.

ATP

Cells must produce what?

ATP

Invested as activation energy at the start of the process

ATP

the ETC generates?

ATP and NADPH

the two stages of photosynthesis are linked by

ATP and NADPH

what powers sugar synthesis in the calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

light reactions produce?

ATP and NADPH for the calvin cycle

uses the energy found within a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP

ATP synthase

What are self feeders -they make their own food?

Autotrophs

What makes their own food?

Autotrophs

What initial observation led scientists to hypothesize that brown fat may be activated by cold temperatures?

Brown fat tissue was found at higher levels when the scans were taken during cold weather.

what is it called when the first product of carbon fixation is the three-carbon compound 3-PGA

C3 plants

species adapted to very dry climates

CAM plants

What uses many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration?

Cells

Generated most of CO2 produced by cellular respiration

Citric acid cycle

Occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane

Citric acid cycle

generates fewer molecules of ATP because it contributes its electrons further along the electron transport chain.

FADH2

True or false: A substance that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H1 (H1 would be able to leak across the membrane at points other than ATP synthase) increases ATP production in mitochondria. If false, make it a correct statement.

False, it would decrease ATP production as ATP synthase efficiency would be reduced.

True or false: Each turn of the Calvin cycle produces one molecule of glucose. If false, make it a correct statement.

False, one turn of the Calvin cycle makes a 3-carbon sugar called G3P. It would take two turns of the Calvin cycle to make a 6-carbon glucose.

True or false: Red wavelengths of light have more energy than purple wavelengths of light. If false, make it a correct statement. Refer to Figure 7.6A on page 112 in your textbook for help to answer this question.

False, red wavelengths of light have less energy than violet (purple) wavelengths.

Metabolic pathways are often regulated by what?

Feedback inhibition

What allows cells to produce ATP with our oxygen

Fermentation

List three benefits of photosynthetic products to humans.

Food, fuel, and removal of CO2 from the atmosphere

Fuel molecule broken down in glycolysis

Glucose

"Breaking down sugar"

Glycolysis

Occurs outside the mitochondrian

Glycolysis

Produces a net of 2 ATPs per glucose

Glycolysis

What occurs in the cytosine of cells of nearly all organisms and is thought to have evolved in ancient prokaryotes?

Glycolysis

List two sources of evidence that indicate glycolysis is extremely old.

Glycolysis is universal, and it does not occur within a membrane-bound organelle.

What is the order of the main stages of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Begins the oxidation of glucose

Glycolyssi

The concentration gradient drive what back through ATP synthase, powering the synthesis of ATP

H+

the etc pumps what into the thylakoid space?

H+

What eats plants and absorbs nutrients from decomposing organisms?

Heterotrophs

What obtains food by consuming other living things?

Heterotrophs

Cells uses what from cellular respiration for biosynthesis and other organic molecules?

Intermediates

-uses energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP AND NADP+ into energy carriers (ATOP AND NADPH) -occurs in the thylakoids of chloroplasts

Light dependent reactions

Use ATP AND NADPH from the light dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars -occur in the storms of chlorosplasts

Light independent or Calvin cycle

Briefly explain what links the two stages of photosynthesis with each other.

The two stages of photosynthesis are linked by the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. ATP and NADPH are used in the dark reactions to power the synthesis of sugar.

A plant uses the products of the Calvin cycle for which of the following?

To make starch To make cellulose To make molecules used in protein synthesis

True or false: A photoautotroph is a type of heterotroph that uses solar energy to produce sugars. If false, make it a correct statement.

True or false: A photoautotroph is a type of heterotroph that uses solar energy to produce sugars. If false, make it a correct statement.

True or false: During photosynthesis, CO2 is split to release oxygen gas. If false, make it a correct statement

True or false: During photosynthesis, CO2 is split to release oxygen gas. If false, make it a correct

are so named because they first fix CO2 into a 4C compound

c4 plants

A toxin is found to inhibit the uptake of CO2 into plant leaves. This toxin would most directly affect the ____________.

calvin cycle

pccurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

calvin cycle

this substance provides the majority of the atoms that make up the sugar produced by photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide

what are the steps of the calvin cycle?

carbon fixatioin, reductions, release of G3P , and regeneration of RuBP

the incorporation of carbon from CO2 into into organic compounds

carbon fixation

____________ reacts with ozone to turn it into ____________. Chlorine O2

chlorine and O2

a light absorbing pigment in the phloroplasts that plays a cnetral role in converting solar energy to chemical energy

chlorophyll

A plant's leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis. A plant's leaves would be expected to have a large amount of ____________.

chloroplasts

are surrounded by a double membrane and contain stacks of thylakoids and a thick fluid called stroma

chloroplasts

where does photosynthesis occur?

chloroplasts

the full range of electromagnetic wavelengths from the very short gamma rays to the very long wavelength radio waves

electromagnetic spectrum

what reduces NADP+ to NADPH

electrons

G3P is used to build what?

glucose and other organic molecules

cannot make their own food but must consume plants or animals or decompose organic material

heterotrophs

which occur in the thykaloids, include the steps that convert light energy to chemical energy and release O2

light reactions

The two complexes of pigments that constitute a photosystem include _____________________ and the _______________________. reaction-center complex

light-harvesting complex and reacition-center complex

the green tissue in the interior of the leaf

mesophyll

Fermentation is essentially glycolysis because glycolysis does not require _________________ to function.

oxygen

The driving force behind oxidative phosphorylation is ____________.

oxygen

a fixed quantity of energy, and the shorter the wavelength of light, the greater the energy of it photons

photon

_______________ is the process by which a plant adds O2 to RuBP instead of CO2.

photorespiration

when it occurs in the light and, like respiration, it consumes O2 and releases CO2

photorespiration

makes sugar form CO2 and H2O, provuding foor adn O2 for almost all living things

photosynthesis

redox processes

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

consisits of a number of light harvesting complexes surrounding a reaction center complex

photosystem

what regains electrons as water is split and O2 is released?

photosystem II

electrons shuttle from what to what?

photosystem II to photosystem I

Produces NADPH.

photosystem i

Produces ATP. Splits water.

photosystem ii

what captures solar energy?

photosystems

In lactic acid fermentation, __________ becomes the target of reduction by NADH.

pyruvate

tiny pores

stomata

in the chloroplast, an envelope of two membranes encloses and inner compartment, which is filled with a thick fluied

stroma

two photosystems are connected by?

the ETC

what does photosynthesis fuel?

the biosphere

The only portion of cellular respiration that is cyclic is ____________.

the citric acid cycle

What links photosystem I with photosystem II?

the electrons passed between the two photosystems

a system of interconnected membranous sacs

thylakoids

True or false: Brown fat contains mitochondria. If false, make it a correct statement.

true

True or false: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle both function as metabolic interchanges where the products of their chemical reactions can also be used for biosynthesis. If false, make it a correct statement.

true

what drives light reactions?

visible radiation absorbed by pgiments

the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves

wavelength