6703 Midterm Study Guide

17. When drugs are taken orally the effects are delayed for approximately _____ minutes.

20-30 minutes

64. Which of the following correctly lists the three major classes of depressants?

Alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics

10. When the human body is continually challenged by the use of drugs that alter the body's natural balance, a "new normal" is created known as

Allostasis

38. Long-term use of stimulants (e.g. nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine) has the most significant impact on which part of the body?

Cardiovascular system

13. The name of the primary document that is used in the US to assess whether a person has a substance related disorder is called the

Diagnostic Statistical Manual

12. The most crucial neurotransmitter involved in behavioral addictions, drug use and drug abuse is

Dopamine

2. The most rapid route of administrating a drug to reach the brain is intravenously.

False

GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate) is used by sexual predators to increase sexual desires in their victims.

False

27. Methamphetamine and cocaine are the most widely used stimulant drugs in the world.

False Caffeine and tobacco

32. The further cocaine gets from its' original production source the more pure it becomes.

False, the less pure

15. There are several routes of administering (ROA) drugs. Some routes reach the brain faster than others. Which of the following sequences correctly lists the ROA from fastest to slowest for getting drugs to the brain?

Inhaling, injecting, mucous membrane absorption, and oral ingestion

16. Which statement is true regarding intravenous drug use (IVDU)?

Intravenous drug use is the most dangerous method because it by passes the body's natural defenses.

41. The illicit manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine in U.S. is due to the involvement of

Mexican gangs and drug cartels

18. Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of alcohol and other drugs by a woman who is pregnant?

The placenta is not an effective barrier so if the mother uses, the baby uses

65. Which of the following statements about opioids is true?

There is almost no limit to the level of opioid tolerance a human can develop.

26. Drugs work by influencing existing neurotransmitters, existing neurological pathways and receptor sites in the central nervous system, including the reward pathway.

True

29. Out of all of the stimulants, the strongest physical and mental dependency develops from nicotine in tobacco.

True

55. Tolerance to one type of depressant, such as alcohol, can lead to the development of cross-tolerance for another depressant, such as benzodiazepines.

True

58. Opiates block the release of substance P, which is the name of the neurotransmitter that transmits pain messages from nerve cell to nerve cell.

True

6. The Central Nervous System (CNS) is comprised of the spinal cord and the brain.

True

61. Drug tolerance develops in part due to the increased efficiency of the liver in processing drug that is used regularly.

True

62. Needing a dose of a drug just to feel "normal" is a sign of tolerance.

True

43. Which of the following best describes one of the health benefits of quitting smoking?

Within 20 min of quitting blood pressure, pulse rate, and temp. Of hands & feet drop to normal

23. Which of the following are methods used through absorb drugs through the mucosal membranes?

1. Rectal and vaginal suppositories 2. buccal 3. Sublingual 4. Insufflation

48. Which of the following statement(s) about sexual activity is or are true for someone under the influence of methamphetamine?

1. The rush from methamphetamine can become a substitute for sexual activity. 2. Methamphetamine increases sexual desire. 3. Methamphetamine lowers inhibitions and increases sexual risk taking.

46. When a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdraws from the extra energy produced by the drug which of the following occurs?

1. The user becomes exhausted. 2. Emotional depression sets in.

21. Psychoactive drugs have which of the following effects on the nervous system?

Act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

19. Which of the following statements are true regarding addiction, including compulsive behaviors?

Addiction is a disease analogous to an allergy

54. Depressants impact the central nervous system (CNS) by elevating the user's blood pressure, pulse, heart rate, and respiration.

False

Of 1,033 new drugs approved by the FDA between 1989 and 2000 what % showed no significant clinical improvement over older and cheaper drugs already in use?

More than 50%

3. The physical, mental and emotional effects a person experiences from taking psychoactive drugs is caused by the modification or mimicking of the neurotransmitters function.

True

30. Stimulant drugs including cocaine and methamphetamine force the release of dopamine. This surge of dopamine causes paranoia and hyper-reactivity.

True

31. Formication, the imaginary sensation that hundreds of tiny bugs (e.g. "coke bugs," "meth bugs," or "snow bugs"), are crawling under one's skin, is caused by the visual hallucinogenic effects of stimulants.

True

In addition to alcohol and opioids, other depressant drugs include which of the following?

1. Over-the-counter and look-alike downers, including antihistamines 2. Skeletal muscle relaxants 3. sedative-hypnotics, including benzodiazepines

25. Which of the following physical and chemical changes in the body are signs that indicate addiction to alcohol or other drugs?

1. The user develops tolerance and needs more of the drug to feel an effect. 2. The user develops tissue dependence and needs to use the drug just to feel normal. 3. After not using the drug for a period of time, the person experiences withdrawal symptoms.

11. The emotional center of the brain that is activated when a person with an addiction sees a person, place or thing that reminds them of their addiction is called the

Amygdala

67. Combining an opioid with a downer like alcohol, barbiturates or benzodiazepines are dangerous because...

Because the combination of depressants increases the potential for respiratory depression, overdose, and death

45. Prolonged use of strong stimulants (e.g. cocaine, methamphetamine) results in which of the following?

Depletion of the body's energy resources Cellular and organ damage Paranoia

34. Drug use in the gay community is unrelated to prejudice, homophobia, fear of coming out and being oneself. Therefore prevention and treatment do not need to address these issues.

False

5. The more rapidly a psychoactive drug reaches its central nervous system target, the less the reward and the lowering the reinforcing effect.

False

50. The primary illegitimate source for obtaining prescription drugs, such as OxyContin, Vicodin, and Xanax, is over the internet.

False

57. The majority of heroin available in the United States comes from Afghanistan.

False

59. The stop switch in the brain, which tells your mind and body that it has had enough and disrupts the addictive cycle, is located in the brain stem.

False

60. Opioids, such as hydrocodone (Vicodin®), usually suppress nausea and vomiting.

False

75. Sedatives are medications used in medication to induce sleep.

False

9. Tolerance to the mental effects of drugs develops at the same rate as tolerance to the drugs physical effects

False

Addiction and withdrawal from benzodiazepines is not as severe or as dangerous as opioid addiction.

False

Naltrexone is prescribed for which of the following uses?

Naltrexone reduces the cravings and blocks opioid receptors preventing the release of alcohol induced dopamine.

42. Continued smoking to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal is known as

Negative drug reinforcement

44. Drinking alcohol before using cocaine will do which of the following?

Prolong and intensify cocaine effects create violent tendencies.

20. Which of the following are functions of the old brain?

Responds to internal changes and memories as well as to sensory inputs from external influences from the environment

49. Stimulants force the release of which of the following neurotransmitters to infuse the body with lots of extra energy before the body needs it?

Serotonin, epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine

40. Which form and method of using cocaine produces the most intense immediate high?

Smoking crack cocaine

68. The synergistic effect of drugs refers to ...

The combination of two or more depressant drugs, which magnifies their effect on the CNS

33. Heavy prolonged use of stimulants can induce a schizophrenic like psychosis.

True

35. The high occurrence of ADHD among adolescents in treatment for substance abuse disorders is in part attributed to their use of drugs to self-medicate ADHD symptoms.

True

36. Research shows that boys (under age 18) with ADHD who are treated with stimulants (Adderall, Ritalin,) are much less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol when they get older.

True

37. When a person has developed tolerance to caffeine and they then subsequent withdrawal from the caffeine it results in physical pain, extreme fatigue and depression.

True

4. Regardless of which method a person uses to consume a psychoactive drug, the drug reaches the brain through the bloodstream.

True

52. Treatment for addiction to opiates requires physical detoxification and psychological correction.

True

53. Using a needle continuously to inject drugs in the same blood vessels can cause them to collapse.

True

66. Post-acute withdrawal symptoms (PAWS) following detoxification and abstinence from opioid or other drug addictions can persist for...

3 to 6 months or longer after detoxification

28. Tolerance is not a sign of physical or psychological dependence.

False—Tolerance often leads to physical and psychological dependence.

39. The neurotransmitter most often involved in the use of strong stimulants is dopamine, which triggers feelings of...?

Hunger satisfaction/ satiety

7. The compulsive gamblers reward/control pathway in the brain becomes hijacked similar to the ways the brain becomes rewired from alcohol and other drug addiction.

True

8. The historical and moral conflict between doing what an individual wants to do (primal urges) versus what they should do (common sense, reason) is mirrored in the conflict that arises between the old brain and the new brain when addictive drugs and behaviors are involved.

True