7th Grade Unit 2 Questions

Where and how often do Muslims pray?

Muslims pray anywhere, but if they can, they pray in Mosques. No matter where they are, they always face Makkah. Muslims pray five times a day.

How much of their surplus wealth are Muslims expected to give to charity?

Muslims expected to give one-fortieth (or 2.5%) of their surplus wealth to charity.

What does "Muslim" mean?

"Muslim" means "those who surrender to God".

Negative impacts of the Crusades on Christians (list)

-Christians were wounded and killed during these Crusades. -Others died from diseases and hardships of travel. -Monarchs started high tax systems to raise funds for Crusades.

Five Pillars of Faith

1. Shahadah 2. Salat 3. Zakat 4. Siyam 5. Hajj

What is a compass?

A compass allows people identify the direction in which they are traveling.

Battle of Manzikert

Battle in which the Byzantines were defeated by the Seljuq Turks. It was followed by Seljuq conquest of most of Anatolia and marked the beginning of the end for the Byzantine Empire as a militarily viable state.

What led to the decline of the Mongol Empire?

Because the Mongol empire suffered from in-fighting among rivals and local rulers controlling different regions, there was a decline of Mongol Empire.

Cordoba, Spain

Capital City of Spain when Spain was held by Muslims

Siyam

Fourth Pillar of Faith Fasting (going without food) Muslims to fast for an entire month during Ramadan During Ramadan, Muslims fast from daybreak to the setting of the sun. Pregnant women, travelers, the sick, the elderly, and young children do not have to fast.

How are hadith related to the Sunnah?

Hadith are related to the Sunnah because hadith is provided written evidence of Muhammad's Sunnah through his words and deeds.

Muhammad's Beliefs

He gained a group of followers called "Muslims". He taught that people must worship the one God, that all believers in God were equal, and that the rich should share their wealth. He urged Makkans to take care of orphans and the poor and to improve the status of women.

What role did Ibn Sina's book, The Canon of Medicine, play in the medieval world?

Ibn Sina's book played a major role in the medieval world because it was used in medical schools to teach their students.

What important sites do Muslims visit during their hajj?

Important sites do Muslims visit during their hajj are the Ka'bah, Great Mosque, the ZamZam Spring, Mina, Mount Arafat, and Makkah.

Safavid Empire

In 1501, Muslims in Persia founded the Safavid dynasty. Their shahs, or rulers, soon controlled the heartlands of ancient Persia. This included modern-day Iran and parts of Iraq. They promoted trade, the arts, and learning. Their dynasty lasted until the mid 1700s.

The Ottoman Empire (describe events)

In the early 1300s, a Turk named Osman I started the Ottoman dynasty in northern Anatolia. The Ottomans' advance to the east was stopped for a time by a new enemy—Timur Lang, known to Europeans as Tamerlane. He claimed to be a descendant of Genghis Khan. They then invaded India, Syria, and Anatolia. In 1402, Timur defeated an Ottoman army at Ankara in Anatolia. But after Timur's death in 1405, the Ottomans regained control of their lands. In 1453, they captured Constantinople, bringing an end to the once powerful Byzantine Empire. In the 1500s, the Ottomans destroyed the Mamluk Empire. They conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Arabia. he Ottoman Empire slowly declined after about 1700. It finally came to an official end, after World War I, in 1922.

Ibn Sina

Islam's most famous philosopher

Why did Islamic culture flourish, despite the fact that the Muslim empire did not last long?

Islamic culture flourished because Muslim rulers built great cities where scholars and artists made adaptions and innovations in many fields.

Why is Jerusalem the holy city for Muslims?

Jerusalem is a holy city for Muslims because Muslim tradition tells the story of the Night Journey.

Why did Makkah's leaders try to prevent the spread of Muhammad's message?

Makkah's leaders tried to prevent the spread of Muhammad's message because they worried that people would stop their pilgrimages to Makkah if they stopped worshipping their gods. It would have been bad for their business.

What do Muslims believe about judgement?

Muslims also believe that all souls will one day face a day of judgement , and God will weigh each person's actions. If one lived a life according to God's rules, they will be rewarded and allowed into heaven. Those who have disbelieved or done evil will be punished by being sent to hell.

Where are Muslims found in the world today?

Muslims are found in nearly every country, but they are mostly found in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the southeast Asian country of Indonesia. They are also found in the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain.

Kab'ah

Muslims believe that Abraham built this as a shrine to honor God. Pilgrims circle this seven times during their Hajj. It is a ritual mentioned in the Qur'an. After completing their Hajj, pilgrims dress in all white and circle the Ka'bah seven more times.

What are two ways textiles were important to Muslims?

Muslims used textiles to make valuable cloths and fabrics, and textiles that were fine served as awnings and carpets in the royal palace.

Who do not have to obey the law of fasting during Ramadan?

Pregnant women, travelers, the sick, the elderly, and young children do not have to fast.

What does Ramadan encourage and teach?

Ramadan encourages generosity, equality, and charity. It also teaches Muslims to forgive people, give thanks, and avoid gossip, arguments, and bad deeds.

What is salat, and what purpose does it serve?

Salat is the second Pillar of Islam, and it is the daily ritual prayer. Salat emphasizes religious discipline, spiritually, and closeness to God.

Salat

Second Pillar of Faith Daily ritual prayer, Muslims pray five times a day: at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and after nightfall

How did the Mongol empire change after converting to Islam?

The Mongol empire change after converting to Islam because it helped bring unity to their empire, they made Persian the language of their government, and they also rebuilt the cities they had destroyed and encouraged learning, the arts, and trade.

How are the Qur'an and Sunnah related to the Five Pillars of Islam?

The Qur'an and Sunnah are related to the Five Pillars of Islam because the Qur'an provides general commands to perform these five duties, and the Sunnah explains how to based on Muhammad's example.

Causes of the Crusades (from flow chart)

The Seljuks had advanced to within 100 miles of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. The Christians appealed to Pope Urban II for help. So, the pope invited nobles and Church leaders to attend a council where they called for a Crusade. The pope promised entry to Heaven to all who joined the fight.

Holy Land

The area between Egypt and Syria that was the ancient homeland of Jews and the place where Jesus Christ had lived; also called Palestine

Shari'ah

The body, or collection, of Islamic law Shari'ah covers Muslims' duties toward God. It guides them in their personal behavior and relationships with others. Shari'ah promotes obedience to the Qur'an and respect for others

What are three important details about the city of Baghdad?

The center of Baghdad were the caliph's palace and grand mosque, Baghdad was soon one of the world's largest cities, and it took about 100,000 architects, worker, and craftspeople four years to build Baghdad.

What is the difference between the Qur'an and Sunnah?

The difference between the Qur'an and Sunnah is that the Qur'an is the holy book of Islam, and the Sunnah is Muhammad's example set for Muslims about how to live their lives correctly.

What rule about food do Muslims observe during Ramadan?

The rule about food do Muslims observe during Ramadan is fasting everything, including water, until supper when everyone breaks their fast.

What does the second part of the shahadah, "and Muhammad is the messenger of God", mean?

The second part of the shahadah, "and Muhammad is the messenger of God", identifies Muhammad as God's messenger, and that Muhammad announced the message of Islam which was God's final word to humankind.

What is a Muhammad's Night Journey?

The story of Muhammad's Night Journey is when a winged horse took Muhammad to Jerusalem. There, Muhammad met and prayed with prophets such as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Then, the horse guided Muhammad through the seven levels of heaven, and Muhammad met God.

Sultan

The supreme ruler of a Muslim state.

What are two ways Muslims adapted and expanded bookmaking?

They illuminated bindings and pages with designs in gold as well as mini paintings, and in Baghdad, more than 100 bookshops lined Paper Sellers' Street.

What are two reasons why al-Khwarizmi's books were important to the field of mathematics?

Two reasons why al-Khwarizmi's books were important to the field of mathematics because it taught how to find unknown numbers, and it helped to popularize Arabic numeral in Europe.

What are some differences between Islam and Christian and Judaism?

Unlike Catholicism and Judaism, Muslims read from the Qur'an which contain God's final word to humankind, Muslims pray five times a day, Muslims face Makkah every time they prays, and Muslims do not believe in idols.

mosque

a Muslim house of worship

Abbasids

a Muslim ruling family descended from Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad

Al-Khwarizmi

astronomer and mathematician; known as the "father of algebra"

Umayyad dynasty

rulers of the Muslim empire for nearly 100 years

Caliph

the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler

Idols

what Muhammad and his Muslim followers destroyed in the Ka'bah in Makkah

What is one example of famous Muslim literature, and where did these stories originate? Where did they spread?

"Arabian Nights", a famous Muslim literature piece, originated in India and Persia, but it spread across Europe.

Negative impacts of the Crusades on Muslims (list)

-Muslims lost their lands on the Iberian Peninsula. -Muslim societies were very advanced, so they had less to gain. -An unknown number of Muslim soldiers lost their lives in battles. -Crusaders destroyed Muslim property in Jerusalem and other communities.

Positive impacts of the Crusades on Muslims (list)

-Muslims succeeded in driving out Crusaders from the Middle East. -Muslims gained new exposure to some new weapons and military ideas. -Muslim merchants earned riches from trade with Europe. -This helped to fund building projects, like mosques and religious centers.

Negative impacts of the Crusades on Jews (list)

-Some Crusaders murdered whole communities of Jews. -Some Crusaders tortured Jews to make them accept Christianity. -Christians took over Jew trading businesses. -Large numbers of Jews were supposed to live in small ghettos. -Some Jews fled their homes, leaving everything behind.

Positive impacts of the Crusades on Christians (list)

-The Crusades brought many economic changes to Europe. -Monarchs grew more powerful because nobles went to fight. -Christians learned about new foods and other goods. -They dressed in clothing of muslin (a fabric). -European merchants earned a lot of prophets by trading.

Inquisition

A judicial body established by the Catholic church to combat heresy and other religious errors

Crusades

A series of religious wars launched by European Christians to reclaim Jerusalem and other holy sites from Muslims

Mughal Empire

A third Muslim empire was founded by Babur, a descendant of both Genghis Khan and Timur Lang. In 1526, Babur invaded India and founded the powerful Mughal Empire. Mughal emperors ruled most of India until sometime after 1700.

First Crusade (describe events)

After about 30,000 people fought their way through Anatolia, they headed south toward Palestine. The Crusaders led a siege to Antioch and found a way over the big walls after nine months of trying. In 1099, the Crusaders surrounded Jerusalem, and they scaled their walls. After one month of fighting, Jerusalem surrendered. Because Jerusalem was taken, most Crusaders went home. The ones who stayed behind established four Crusader Kingdoms throughout Palestine, Syria, modern-Lebanon, and Turkey.

Second Crusade (describe events)

After the Muslims captured Edessa in 1144, Christians decided to launch a Second Crusade. That Crusade failed because one of the Crusader armies from Germany was badly defeated in Anatolia. A second army that was led by the king of France arrived in Jerusalem in 1148. About 50,000 Crusaders marched on the city Damascus which was in the way to Edessa. The Muslims fought back and beat the Crusaders which ended the Second Crusade.

What are some similarities between Islam and Christian and Judaism?

All three religions are monotheistic, all trace their religions to Abraham, and the Torah, Qur'an, and Bible are considered holy books from God.

According to Muslims, who is Allah?

Allah is the one, all-powerful God according to Muslims.

What is an astrolabe?

An astrolabe helps sailors pinpoint their location when they are out at sea by just using the position of objects in the sky.

Muhammad's Early Life

Born in Makkah in about 570 C.E, clan was not wealthy, father was dead, mother sent him to live with a family of nomads in a desert, he learned about traditional Arab values, such as being kind to strangers and helping orphans, widows, and other needy members of society, when he returned at the age of six, his mother died, grandfather took care of him but then he died so his uncle did. When he was about twelve his uncle took him on a trading trip to north Syria which was his first trip outside Arabia. When he grew up he became a merchant who was very honest to all. People called him al-Amin, which means "the Trustworthy." He married a widow named Khadijah when he was about 25, and they had several, but only one, Fatima, had children of her own.

How has shari'ah changed over time?

By the 19th century, however, many Muslim regions had come under European rule. Western codes of law soon replaced the shari'ah except in matters of family law. Today, most Muslim countries apply only some parts of Islamic law.

What is cultural diffusion?

Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural elements from one society to another.

Hajj

Fifth Pillar of Faith The pilgrimage to the holy city of Makkah in the twelfth month of the Islamic year All adult Muslims who are able to make the journey are expected to perform the hajj at least once during their lifetime.

Abd al Malik

Fifth caliph (685-705) of the Umayyad Arab dynasty centred in Damascus. He reorganized and strengthened governmental administration and, throughout the empire, adopted Arabic as the language of administration.

Shahadah

First Pillar of Faith The Islamic profession that one must recite in the company of two other Muslims in order to become Muslim. "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God".

Muhammad's Call to Prophethood

In about 610 C.E., Muhammad went to meditate in a cave in the mountains. There, Muhammad received the call from the angel Gabriel to be a prophet.

Jihad

Means "to strive." Traditionally in Islam, it has meant "physical struggle with spiritual significance."

Who were the Mongols, and what did they do under their leader, Genghis Khan, and his successors?

Mongols were nomadic people whose homeland was north of China. They began wars of conquests under their leader, Genghis Khan. AFter attacking Northern China, he went westward and swept across central Asia, killing Muslims, destroying cities and farmland.

Muhammad's Struggle to Spread his Faith

Most Makkans, however, rejected Muhammad's teachings. Makkah's leaders did not want to share their wealth. They also feared that if Muhammad grew stronger, he would seize political power. Merchants worried that if people stopped worshipping their gods, they might stop their pilgrimages to Makkah. That would be bad for their businesses. Muhammad's monotheistic teachings also disturbed Arabs who did not want to give up their gods. To prevent the spread of the prophet's message, some Arabs called Muhammad a liar. Some persecuted his followers. Despite this treatment, the Muslims would not give up their faith. Muhammad was also protected by Abu Talib, the head of the Hashim clan. Anyone who harmed a member of the clan would face Abu Talib's vengeance.

Muawiya

Muawiya ibn Abu Sufyan (died 680) was the founder of the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs.

What did Muhammad teach when he preached to the Makkans?

Muhammad taught that people must worship one God, that all believers of God are equal, and that the rich should share their wealth when he preached to Makkans.

Where was Muhammad, and what was he doing when the angel Gabriel told him "You are the messenger of God"?

Muhammad was in a cave in the mountains, and he was meditating when Gabriel came to him.

How did Muslim philosophers follow the example of Greek scholars?

Muslim philosophers followed the example of Greek scholars because they used reason and logic to try to prove important truths.

What do Muslims believe about angels?

Muslims believe that God created angels to do his work throughout the universe, and some of them reveal themselves to prophets, like Gabriel did to Muhammad, and others observe and record the deeds of each human being.

What do Muslims do during the hajj?

Muslims start by dressing in white garments and circling the Ka'bah seven times. After that, they travel between two small hills as Hagar did, and then drink from the ZamZam springs. Next, they leave Makkah to sleep in tents at a place called Mina so they could wake up and pray all day asking for God's forgiveness. Then, they spend another night camped in the desert. In the morning they cast stones at a pillar representing Satan as sight to reject evil. After that, they circle the Ka'bah seven more times. This farewell day is called Eid al-Adha.

What types of designs did Muslims use in their decorative art?

Muslims used geometric shapes, floral, and arabesque designs in their decorative art.

Positive impacts of the Crusades on Jews (list)

None

One reason why Jerusalem is holy to Christians.

One reason why Jerusalem is holy to Christians is because they believe that Jesus was crucified and rose from the dead there.

One reason why Jerusalem is holy to Jews.

One reason why Jerusalem is holy to Jews is because where their Great Temple once stood, and it was their political capital in ancient times. Also, the Western Wall is there, and it is most sacred to Jews.

One reason why Jerusalem is holy to Muslims.

One reason why Jerusalem is holy to Muslims is because it is where Muhammad ascended to Heaven during his Night Journey.

Third Crusade (describe events)

Salah-al-Din had formed the biggest Muslim empire since Seljuks in 1180s and united Egypt, Syria, and other lands to east. He led a fight against the Crusaders and captured Jerusalem and Palestine in 1187. This sparked the Third Crusade, so King Richard I led the Europeans to fight against Salah-al Din. In 1191, Richard's army forced a surrender of Acre. Then, fought his way toward Jerusalem. In Sept. 1192, the two opposing leaders signed a peace treaty.

What are some reasons for the Crusades?

Seljuks were taking over, Christians feared they would no longer be able to visit Jerusalem and other sacred sites in the Holy Land, Jerusalem and the rest of Palestine first came under Muslim rule during the Arab conquests of the 7th century, robbers would jump Christians visiting the Holy Land, and the Seljuk terks expanded their empire.

How does shari'ah guide Muslim life?

Shari'ah guides Muslim life by placing actions into one of five categories: forbidden, discouraged, allowed, recommended, and obligatory. It guides them in their personal behavior and relationships with others.

What is shari'ah, and how did it develop?

Shari'ah is the body or collection of Islamic laws. It developed because after Muhammad's death, the caliphs used the Qur'an and Sunnah to solve problems. Gradually, scholars developed a body of Islamic laws.

What is siyam, and when is it performed?

Siyam is the fourth Pillar of Islam, and it is when one fasts. It is performed during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, Ramadan.

What technological advancements did Muslims make to take advantage of scarce water sources?

Technological advancements Muslims made to take advantage of scarce water sources were dams, aqueducts, canals, underground wells, and irrigation systems.

Later Crusades (describe events)

The Crusades continued for another 100 years. In 1212, thousands of peasant children from France and Germany marched in a Children's Crusade, but few ever reached the Holy Land. Christians launched Reconquista, an important series of war, to retake the Iberian Peninsula from Muslims. In 1400s, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted to unite Spain as a Catholic country, so they Inquisition against the Jews and Muslims. In 1492, Granada fell to Isabella and Ferdinand, ending the Muslim rule in Spain.

Why is the Indian concept of zero, which Muslims helped spread, significant?

The Indian concept of zero is significant because zero allowed people to distinguish number apart, like 123 and 1230.

Why was the Ka'bah built, and how was it used at the time of Muhammad's birth?

The Ka'bah was built by Abraham to honor God. The Ka'bah housed hundreds of statues of different gods in Muhammad's days.

What does the first part of the Muslim shahadah, "There is no god but God", mean?

The first part of the Muslim shahadah, "There is no god but God", confirms that the Islamic faith is monotheistic, and that Muslims believe that one all-powerful God created the universe.

What is the hajj, and what values does it promote?

The hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam, the journey to the holy city of Makkah. The hajj promotes values such as fellowship and equality.

What is the holy book of Islam called, and what does it contain?

The holy book of Islam is called the Qur'an, and it contains messages from the angel Gabriel that were imprinted in Muhammad's mind and heart.

Zakat

Third Pillar of Islam Like a charity, means "purification", Muslims practice it because they believe that wealth becomes pure when some is given away to the less fortunate, and it is believed to help control greed.

What are three rituals Muslims practice in their daily pray?

Three rituals Muslims practice in their daily pray are washing themselves, they proclaim "Allahu akbar", and they face towards Makkah.

What are two accomplishments in the category of Geography and Navigation made by Muslims?

Two accomplishments made by Muslims were the astrolabe and compass.

What factors combined to promote learning in Muslim lands?

Two factors combined to promote learning in Muslim lands were reason and revelation from God.

What is zakat, and why do Muslims practice it?

Zakat is charity, and Muslims practice it because they believe that wealth becomes pure by giving some of it away, and that sharing wealth helps control greed.

What kind of things does zakat pay for?

Zakat pays for constructing public fountains, inns, soup kitchens, clothing, shelter for the poor, the building and running of orphanages and hospitals, and aid to stranded travelers. Poorer Muslims may receive funds to pay off their debts.