8.1-8.3

Name three changes in agriculture that occurred during the Industrial Revolution.

The use of machines to plant and harvest, the use of pesticides, the use of synthetic fertilizers

Around the time of the Industrial Revolution, scientists came to understand that many diseases are caused by

germs or organisms

The wealth gap between developed and developing nations is_________

large

People in developed nations tend to have______ecological footprints

larger

When people have more money, then tend to produce______waste

more

What percent of global resources—energy, food, water, and other essentials are available for four fifths of the world's people

14 percent

infant mortality

A measurement of infant deaths, based on the number of babies per 1000 that do not survive their first year of life

demographic transition

A model that explains the change from high birthrates and death rates to a condition of low birth-rates and death rates

Industrial Revolution

A period of time in the mid-1700s when societies started to shift from a rural life to an urban life and began to use machines powered by fossil fuels

What types of environmental challenges does a developing nation encounter as it develops

As a developing nation develops, people use more resources, such as food and water, which can stress waterways and ecosystems. People also use more fuels and cars, and, consequently, tend to produce more pollution

Provide one example of a technology used in most urban areas that has a negative effect on the environment. Explain the negative effect

Automobiles burn fossil fuels and can cause pollution

Why do regions with extreme climates, such as tundra and deserts, have low levels of human population density

Because these areas are cold or dry, they pose many challenges for people who live there

Name three nations that have some of the highest levels of human population density.

China, India, Mexico

affluent societies impacts of population and use of technology

Consume more food, produce more waste, Use more energy, greater use of technology, Increased longevity, better health, Intensified environmental impacts, Can reduce waste output and use renewable energy

describing human population

Demographers apply the principles of population ecology to human populations. There are about 6.8 billion people on Earth, with the greatest density of people in temperate and tropical climates and the lowest density in deserts and tundra. The human population is clumped, rather than random or uniform. This results in some areas bearing greater negative environmental effects than others.

negative impacts of technology

Exploitation of resources such as soil, minerals, fossil fuels,and forests, Pollution, Loss of biodiversity, Climate change

How do fertility rates compare to overall population rates of the world

Fertility rates are dropping, but the overall human population is increasing

Name three environmental factors that limit human population growth

Food, water, land

poor societies impacts of population and use of technology

Governments are overwhelmed, More land is cleared, Land is overused and stressed, Would help reduce environmental effects

What can happen in poorer nations where population growth outpaces economic growth

Governments may be overwhelmed and unable to provide infrastructure that protects people and the environment

History of human population growth

Human population growth started to increase slowly when groups started to settle in one place and began an agricultural lifestyle about 10,000 years ago. During the Industrial Revolution, some people moved into urban areas from rural areas, and developments in medicine, sanitation, and agriculture led to lower death rates. The human population increased from fewer than 1 billion to more than 6 billion since the Industrial Revolution.

Positive Impacts of Technology

Improvements in wastewater treatment, reduction of waste through recycling, reduction of fossil fuel use and pollution through solar, wind, and geothermal energy

What are two ways that international organizations are helping people in developing nations earn a living while reducing negative effects to their local environment?

Introducing sustainable farming techniques and helping them gain access to renewable energy sources

Provide one example of a technology often used in urban areas that has a positive effect on the environment

Many urban areas have recycling programs at schools and businesses.

Provide at least three examples of national policies that can influence population size

Nations can provide incentives for one-child families and fines for larger families. Nations can also take education-based approaches, provide economic incentives, offer free contraception, and provide reproductive healthcare

Describe the relationship between affluence and ecological footprint

People with more money tend to have larger ecological footprints than those with less money

Most people in population A are pre-reproductive age. In population B, most people are post-reproductive age. Which population will likely experience a greater population growth rate over the next few decades Explain

Population A will likely experience a greater population growth rate because most people will soon reach reproductive age and have children. In population B, the population is aging and fewer people will be having children.

What types of predictions can be made using demographic data

Predictions about changes in the human population and the environmental effects that result

How does the size of the human population relate to quality of life

Quality of life involves having one's basic needs met, such as food, water, and shelter. It also involves other factors that allow a person to feel satisfied. As the human population grows, these basic needs must be available in greater quantities in order to achieve the most basic quality of life.

How might human activities skew sex ratios

Some regions might have more females than males because many males migrate to find work. Other areas might have more males than females, such as in a culture that values males more than females, with a resulting decrease in the quality of care for females.

How can technology help reduce the environmental effect of a growing population

Technology can help reduce waste and provide energy resources that result in decreased pollution.

total fertility rate

The average number of children a female member of a population has in her lifetime

life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live

growth rate

The change in a population's size during a particular period of time

wealth gap

The difference in assets and income between individuals in a society or between nations

How does the ecological footprint of the United States compare with the world average ecological footprint

The ecological footprint of the United States is more than three times larger than the world average

If the technology that brought about modern life never existed, how would human population growth have been affected

The human population would likely not have experienced exponential growth.

negative effects of land clearing

The need for more farmland, wood, and land to raise livestock lead to deforestation. This loss of forests can result in flooding to areas that have not experienced flooding in the past. The flooding can cause property damage, lost crops, and disease resulting in an increase in poverty in the area. Additionally, this can result in people coming into contact with animals they have not come into close contact with before. Emerging diseases can soon follow.

Recent trends in human population growth

The population growth rate peaked during the 1960s; since then, it began to slow. Different nations have different population growth rates. It is important to consider that at some point, the human population will reach Earth's carrying capacity.

Fertility rates have started to decrease in many nations. How has this affected the size of the human population throughout the world

The population size is still increasing.

demography

The study of human population statistics

Replacement Fertility

The total fertility rate for a nation that would keep its population size stable

Technology has allowed for the construction of skyscrapers and other high-rise buildings. How could these buildings be viewed as having a positive and a negative environmental effect

These large buildings use large amounts of resources, which means that they contribute to pollution and resource depletion. However, these large buildings allow for people to efficiently use limited land space.

How is information on age structure and sex ratios useful to demographers

They help demographers predict how a population might change

Population growth rate is usually lower in_________societies

affluent

Medical advances during the Industrial Revolution included the development of________ which treat bacterial infections and___________ which can help to prevent or reduce severity of illnesses caused by both viruses and bacteria.

antibiotics and vaccines

Developments during the Industrial Revolution resulted in_______ of infant mortality

decreases

Due to land overuse, the once-productive Sahel region turned into_________

desert

Population growth rates_________ greatly among different regions of the world

differ

he fertility rates, infant mortality rates, and death rates of developing nations are_________ than those of developed nations, while life expectancy is___________ Still, developing nations tend to have______ populations, while the populations of developed nations stay relatively constant. Fertility rates are strongly connected to education. When women have educational opportunities and are able to decide whether and when to have children, fertility rates often_____________

higher, lower, growing, decline

Developments during the Industrial Revolution resulted in______in life expectancy

increases

In which stage of the demographic transition is the United States today?

post-industrial stage

name each stage of the demographic transition and explain

pre industrial stage- birth and death rates are high, transitional stage- Death rates decline, and birthrates remain high, industrial stage- Birthrates decline and population growth rates fall, post industrial stage- birthrates and death rates fall to low and stable levels

What type of fertility rate would keep a nation's population stable

replacement fertility

For much of the twentieth century, the human population growth rate___________from year to year.

rose

During which stage of the demographic transition do population growth rates increase

transitional stage

During the Industrial Revolution, many people moved from rural areas to

urban areas

When the human population reaches carrying capacity, its growth rate will be_______

zero