8.1: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Bony, and Synovial Joints

itis = ?

inflammation

in fibrous joints, there (is/is not) a joint cavity

is not

synostosis

in middle age, this is when skull bones fuse together (sutures)

arthrology

the study of joints

kinesiology

the study of musculoskeletal movement

rotational movement of synovial joints (definition)

the turning of a bone around its own LONG AXIS

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

up and down movement of the foot

articulations are the (strongest/weakest) part of the skeleton

weakest

structural classifications of joints (definition)

what joins the bones

where are bursae common?

where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

functions of joints (2)

1) Give the skeleton mobility 2) Hold the skeleton together

examples of symphyses (2)

1) INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS 2) PUBIC SYMPHYSIS of the pelvis

examples of gliding movement in synovial joints (2)

1) Intercarpal and intertarsal joints 2) Between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae

synovial joints: movement can occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes, or a combination of these: (4)

1) Nonaxial: slipping (gliding) movements only 2) Uniaxial: movement in 1 plane 3) Biaxial: movement in 2 planes 4) Multiaxial: movement in or around all 3 planes

synovial joints: the 2 muscle attachments across a joint are?

1) Origin: attachment to the IMMOVABLE bone 2) Insertion: attachment to the MOVABLE bone

6 types of synovial joints based on articular surface shape:

1) Plane joints 2) Hinge joints 3) Pivot joints 4) Condyloid (ellipsoid) joints 5) Saddle joints 6) Ball-and-socket joints

special movements of synovial joints (5) (definitions of first 2)

1) Pronation: radius rotates over ulna 2) Supination: radius and ulna are parallel 3) Inversion (of the foot) 4) Eversion (of the foot) 5) Opposition (of the thumb and index finger)

what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

1) Synchondroses 2) Symphyses

synovial joints all have the following: (5)

1) articular cartilage 2) joint (synovial) cavity 3) articular capsule 4) synovial fluid (lube) 5) reinforcing ligaments

examples of bony joints (4)

1) mandible (left and right at birth) 2) frontal bones (left and right at birth) 3) sacrum (5 sacral vertebra fused in adulthood) 4) coccyx (4 coccyxl vertebra fused in adulthood)

what are the 3 types of FIBROUS JOINTS?

1) sutures 2) syndesmoses 3) gomphoses

what are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

Diarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Synarthrosis

articulations are classified by? (2)

STRUCTURE or FUNCTION

most fibrous joints are _________

SYNARTHROSES

all synchondroses are _________

SYNARTHROTIC

bony joints (functional classification, movement)

SYNARTHROTIC joints -> no movement between them since they are fused into a single bony structure

examples of nonaxial synovial joints (2)

ankles, wrist

cartilaginous joints (definition)

articulating bones are united by cartilage

general example of multiaxial synovial joint

ball-and-socket

flexion

bending movement that DECREASES the angle of the joint

fibrous joints: where do sutures occur?

between the bones of the skull

sutures (function)

bind bones tightly together, but allow for GROWTH during youth

syndemoses (how are bones connected?)

bones are connected by a fibrous tissue LIGAMENT

example of abduction/adduction

hip abductors

synchondroses (definition)

(a type of cartilaginous joint) -> a bar or plate of HYALINE CARTILAGE unites the bones

symphyses (definition)

(a type of cartilaginous joint) -> hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of FIBROCARTILAGE

ball-and-socket joints (3)

-a spherical or hemispherical head of one bone -MULTIAXIAL joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints -examples: shoulder and hip joints

plane joints (4)

-articular surfaces are essential FLAT -allow only slipping or gliding movements -the only examples of NON-AXIAL joints -intercarpal and intertarsal joints

hinge joints (4)

-cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another -motion is along a SINGLE PLANE -uniaxial joints permit FLEXION and EXTENSION only -example: elbow

condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints (4)

-oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another -both articular surfaces are OVAL -biaxial joints permit ALL ANGULAR MOTIONS -examples: wrist (radiocarpal) joints, and first knuckle (metacarpophalangeal) joints

pivot joints (3)

-rounded end of one bone protrudes into a "sleeve," or ring, composed of bone and/or ligaments of another -only UNIAXIAL rotational movement allowed -examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and the proximal radioulnar joint

saddle joints (3)

-similar to condyloid joints but allow greater amplitude of movement -each articular surface has both a CONCAVE and a CONVEX surface -example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

synovial joints: joint stability is determined by: (2)

1) ARTICULAR SURFACES: shape determines what movements are possible 2) LIGAMENTS: unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion

2 ways of friction reduction in synovial joints:

1) BURSAE: flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid 2) TENDON SHEATH: elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

examples of rotational movement of synovial joints (2)

1) Between C1 and C2 2) Hip and shoulder joints

examples of syndemoses

1) Connection between the tibia and fibula 2) Connection between the radius and ulna

examples of synchondroses (2)

1) Epiphyseal plates of children 2) Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum

bony joints (definition)

2 (or more) bones that were once separate, fused by OSSEOUS tissue

symphyses (functional classification, what are they designed for?)

AMPHIARTHROTIC joints designed for strength and limited flexibility

the study of joints is called?

ARTHROLOGY

in fibrous joints, the bones are joined by?

FIBROUS TISSUES

what are the 4 structural classifications of joints?

Fibrous Cartilaginous Bony Synovial

sutures are comprised of? (structure)

INTERLOCKING JUNCTIONS completely filled with connective tissue fibers

the study of musculoskeletal movement is called?

KINESIOLOGY

in gomphoses, the fibrous connection is called the?

PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT

functional classifications of joints (definition)

how much motion the joint allows

synovial joints (functional classification, movement)

all are freely movable DIARTHROSES

examples of synovial joints

all limb joints, and most joints of the body

diarthrosis vs. synarthrosis

diarthrosis: greatest motion synarthrosis: virtually no motion

cartilaginous joints (do/do not) have a joint cavity

do not

examples of uniaxial synovial joints (2)

elbow, bicep

angular movements of synovial joints:

flexion extension dorsiflexion and plantarflexion abduction adduction circumduction

articulations are also called?

joints

synovial joints (definition)

joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a FLUID-CONTAINING JOINT CAVITY

abduction

movement AWAY from the midline

adduction

movement TOWARD the midline

synovial joints: movement

movement can occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes, or a combination of these

circumduction

movement describes a cone in space

movement of syndemoses?

movement varies from immovable to slightly variable

synovial joints: gliding movement (translation) (definition)

one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface

gomphoses (example)

only example in human body is the peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket

extension

reverse of flexion; joint angle is INCREASED

what are the 3 types of sutures?

serrate lap plane

what is the strongest type of suture?

serrate suture

articulations (joints)

site where two or more bones meet

sutures: in middle age, what happens?

skull bones fuse and are called SYNOSTOSIS