8.1: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Bony, and Synovial Joints
itis = ?
inflammation
in fibrous joints, there (is/is not) a joint cavity
is not
synostosis
in middle age, this is when skull bones fuse together (sutures)
arthrology
the study of joints
kinesiology
the study of musculoskeletal movement
rotational movement of synovial joints (definition)
the turning of a bone around its own LONG AXIS
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
up and down movement of the foot
articulations are the (strongest/weakest) part of the skeleton
weakest
structural classifications of joints (definition)
what joins the bones
where are bursae common?
where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
functions of joints (2)
1) Give the skeleton mobility 2) Hold the skeleton together
examples of symphyses (2)
1) INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS 2) PUBIC SYMPHYSIS of the pelvis
examples of gliding movement in synovial joints (2)
1) Intercarpal and intertarsal joints 2) Between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae
synovial joints: movement can occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes, or a combination of these: (4)
1) Nonaxial: slipping (gliding) movements only 2) Uniaxial: movement in 1 plane 3) Biaxial: movement in 2 planes 4) Multiaxial: movement in or around all 3 planes
synovial joints: the 2 muscle attachments across a joint are?
1) Origin: attachment to the IMMOVABLE bone 2) Insertion: attachment to the MOVABLE bone
6 types of synovial joints based on articular surface shape:
1) Plane joints 2) Hinge joints 3) Pivot joints 4) Condyloid (ellipsoid) joints 5) Saddle joints 6) Ball-and-socket joints
special movements of synovial joints (5) (definitions of first 2)
1) Pronation: radius rotates over ulna 2) Supination: radius and ulna are parallel 3) Inversion (of the foot) 4) Eversion (of the foot) 5) Opposition (of the thumb and index finger)
what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
1) Synchondroses 2) Symphyses
synovial joints all have the following: (5)
1) articular cartilage 2) joint (synovial) cavity 3) articular capsule 4) synovial fluid (lube) 5) reinforcing ligaments
examples of bony joints (4)
1) mandible (left and right at birth) 2) frontal bones (left and right at birth) 3) sacrum (5 sacral vertebra fused in adulthood) 4) coccyx (4 coccyxl vertebra fused in adulthood)
what are the 3 types of FIBROUS JOINTS?
1) sutures 2) syndesmoses 3) gomphoses
what are the 3 functional classifications of joints?
Diarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Synarthrosis
articulations are classified by? (2)
STRUCTURE or FUNCTION
most fibrous joints are _________
SYNARTHROSES
all synchondroses are _________
SYNARTHROTIC
bony joints (functional classification, movement)
SYNARTHROTIC joints -> no movement between them since they are fused into a single bony structure
examples of nonaxial synovial joints (2)
ankles, wrist
cartilaginous joints (definition)
articulating bones are united by cartilage
general example of multiaxial synovial joint
ball-and-socket
flexion
bending movement that DECREASES the angle of the joint
fibrous joints: where do sutures occur?
between the bones of the skull
sutures (function)
bind bones tightly together, but allow for GROWTH during youth
syndemoses (how are bones connected?)
bones are connected by a fibrous tissue LIGAMENT
example of abduction/adduction
hip abductors
synchondroses (definition)
(a type of cartilaginous joint) -> a bar or plate of HYALINE CARTILAGE unites the bones
symphyses (definition)
(a type of cartilaginous joint) -> hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of FIBROCARTILAGE
ball-and-socket joints (3)
-a spherical or hemispherical head of one bone -MULTIAXIAL joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints -examples: shoulder and hip joints
plane joints (4)
-articular surfaces are essential FLAT -allow only slipping or gliding movements -the only examples of NON-AXIAL joints -intercarpal and intertarsal joints
hinge joints (4)
-cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another -motion is along a SINGLE PLANE -uniaxial joints permit FLEXION and EXTENSION only -example: elbow
condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints (4)
-oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another -both articular surfaces are OVAL -biaxial joints permit ALL ANGULAR MOTIONS -examples: wrist (radiocarpal) joints, and first knuckle (metacarpophalangeal) joints
pivot joints (3)
-rounded end of one bone protrudes into a "sleeve," or ring, composed of bone and/or ligaments of another -only UNIAXIAL rotational movement allowed -examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and the proximal radioulnar joint
saddle joints (3)
-similar to condyloid joints but allow greater amplitude of movement -each articular surface has both a CONCAVE and a CONVEX surface -example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
synovial joints: joint stability is determined by: (2)
1) ARTICULAR SURFACES: shape determines what movements are possible 2) LIGAMENTS: unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion
2 ways of friction reduction in synovial joints:
1) BURSAE: flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid 2) TENDON SHEATH: elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
examples of rotational movement of synovial joints (2)
1) Between C1 and C2 2) Hip and shoulder joints
examples of syndemoses
1) Connection between the tibia and fibula 2) Connection between the radius and ulna
examples of synchondroses (2)
1) Epiphyseal plates of children 2) Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum
bony joints (definition)
2 (or more) bones that were once separate, fused by OSSEOUS tissue
symphyses (functional classification, what are they designed for?)
AMPHIARTHROTIC joints designed for strength and limited flexibility
the study of joints is called?
ARTHROLOGY
in fibrous joints, the bones are joined by?
FIBROUS TISSUES
what are the 4 structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous Cartilaginous Bony Synovial
sutures are comprised of? (structure)
INTERLOCKING JUNCTIONS completely filled with connective tissue fibers
the study of musculoskeletal movement is called?
KINESIOLOGY
in gomphoses, the fibrous connection is called the?
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
functional classifications of joints (definition)
how much motion the joint allows
synovial joints (functional classification, movement)
all are freely movable DIARTHROSES
examples of synovial joints
all limb joints, and most joints of the body
diarthrosis vs. synarthrosis
diarthrosis: greatest motion synarthrosis: virtually no motion
cartilaginous joints (do/do not) have a joint cavity
do not
examples of uniaxial synovial joints (2)
elbow, bicep
angular movements of synovial joints:
flexion extension dorsiflexion and plantarflexion abduction adduction circumduction
articulations are also called?
joints
synovial joints (definition)
joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a FLUID-CONTAINING JOINT CAVITY
abduction
movement AWAY from the midline
adduction
movement TOWARD the midline
synovial joints: movement
movement can occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes, or a combination of these
circumduction
movement describes a cone in space
movement of syndemoses?
movement varies from immovable to slightly variable
synovial joints: gliding movement (translation) (definition)
one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
gomphoses (example)
only example in human body is the peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket
extension
reverse of flexion; joint angle is INCREASED
what are the 3 types of sutures?
serrate lap plane
what is the strongest type of suture?
serrate suture
articulations (joints)
site where two or more bones meet
sutures: in middle age, what happens?
skull bones fuse and are called SYNOSTOSIS