Abnormal Psych Exam 3 Practice Questions
__________ has been a very important topic in the study of psychosocial factors that contribute to schizophrenia. High levels of this quality in families have been found to predict relapse in patients with the disorder.
Expressed emotion
Which of the following can help explain why men may be more reluctant to seek help and therapy?
Men may be less able to recognize and label feelings of distress than women.
Because many children experience fears as a normal part of childhood, how can one determine when such fears have become abnormal and pathological?
when the fears are persistent, extreme, impairing, and beyond what is developmentally expected
Using a cognitive perspective, which of the following statements typifies the type of maladaptive schema someone with dependent personality disorder might hold?
"I can function only if I have access to somebody competent."
What is the Five Factor Model? What are the 5 factors?
(OCEAN) openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. This model helps researchers understand and see the differences between specific personality disorders.
In most U.S. states, a person is considered legally intoxicated for driving when the concentration of alcohol in the bloodstream reaches __________ percent.
.08 BAC
The risk of developing schizophrenia is around __________.
0.7 percent
Name the 6 major psychosocial approaches to treating schizophrenia.
1. family therapy 2. case management 3. social-skills training 4. cognitive remediation 5. cognitive-behavior therapy 6. psychoeducation and exercise
What percentage of persons living in the United States has a diagnosable personality disorder?
10 to 12 percent
What percentage of children and adolescents experience depression at some point in their lives?
12 percent
What percentage of U.S. adults receives professional mental health care each year?
15 percent
It can be difficult for a person who identifies as a racial/ethnic minority to find a therapist who matches their racial/ethnic identity as only __________ of therapists are racial/ethnic minorities.
16.4 percent
Among people who are employed, people __________ are most likely to report past month drug use.
18 years of age or younger
Approximately __________ percent of people in the United States meet criteria for alcohol use disorder at some point in their lifetimes.
30%
According to the Monitoring the Future Study, almost __________ percent of U.S. students have used illicit drugs one or more times by the time they finish high school.
50
Research suggests that about __________ of patients show clinically significant change after 21 therapy sessions and, after 40 sessions, about __________ of patients have improved.
50 percent; 75 percent
The heritability of schizoid personality disorder has been found to be around __________.
55 percent
It is estimated that __________ of people diagnosed with a personality disorder have another disorder as well.
75 percent
The number of antisocial behaviors exhibited in childhood is the single best predictor of an adult diagnosis of __________.
ASPD (Antisocial personality disorder).
Which culture would be expected to have the lowest rates of women diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder?
Asian culture
What instrument has become almost standard in pre- and post-therapy assessment of depression?
Beck Depression Inventory
Which child exhibits behaviors that might be predictive of an antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) as an adult?
Ben, who at age 6 was described as hyperactive, hostile, and defiant with authority figures
Nina, age 8, and her brother, age 19, are both experiencing symptoms of severe anxiety. Which of the following medications would likely be used for Nina and her brother?
Benzodiazepines and SSRIs would be given to both of them.
Which of the following individuals is most likely to have difficulties with adult antisocial personality disorder?
Brandon shows symptoms of conduct disorder starting at age 7.
__________ genes are genes that are involved in processes that are believed to be aberrant in schizophrenia.
Candidate
Which of the following factors would contribute to a child being vulnerable to developing a psychological disorder?
Children's lack of experience in dealing with adversity can make manageable problems seem insurmountable.
Hannah has been diagnosed with a personality disorder. She has a tendency to be dramatic, emotional, and erratic. What DSM cluster does Hannah's pattern of behaviors fall under?
Cluster B: Emotional, dramatic, erratic
Which personality cluster is the most common, with a prevalence rate of around 7 percent?
Cluster C: anxious and fearful
How does cocaine affect the brain?
Cocaine blocks the presynaptic dopamine transporter, thus increasing the availability of dopamine in the synapse and increasing the activation of the receiving cells.
What evidence is noted in your textbook to support the following statement: "It is unlikely that the cognitive impairments seen in people suffering from schizophrenia are due to the effects of extended hospitalization or medication"?
Cognitive difficulties often occur at the start of the illness, or even before it is diagnosed.
Administering the medication __________ has been a useful adjunct to exposure therapy with patients who have social anxiety. The medication assists the therapy by __________.
D-cycloserine; activating a receptor that is critical in facilitating extinction of anxiety
Why would it be incorrect to label a child under age 4 with encopresis, even if the toileting difficulties are causing distress for the child and frustration for the parents?
DSM-5 specifies that encopresis cannot be diagnosed prior to 4 years of age.
The best-known clinical condition associated with moderate to severe intellectual disability is __________ syndrome, which is most often caused by an extra version of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes.
Down
__________, or parrot-like repetition of a few words, occurs in both typically developing children and children with autism. However, this type of language is __________ in children with autism.
Echolalia; more common and persistent
__________ is considered both a hallucinogen and a stimulant.
Ecstasy
Research suggests that people with schizophrenia are missing inhibitory interneurons, including __________, which are involved in __________.
GABA; regulating the excitability of other neurons
Torrey and colleagues compiled concordance rates for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins. The overall concordance rate was around 28 percent. For disorders believed to be exclusively genetic, one would anticipate a concordance rate of 100 percent. What do these numbers suggest about the genetic base of schizophrenia?
Genes alone are not what determines the development of schizophrenia.
Marcus, age 19, is a college sophomore who has recently begun demonstrating the symptoms of schizophrenia. Which of the following details is most likely true of Marcus?
His mother worked as a dry cleaner.
Which of the following is true about nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)?
It is fairly common, and around 17% of adults report lifetime NSSI.
Which of the following reasons best summarizes why histrionic personality disorder was one of the four diagnoses recommended for exclusion from the DSM-5?
It is very highly comorbid with borderline, antisocial, narcissistic, and dependent personality disorder diagnoses, suggesting it may not be a unique diagnosis.
__________ is a hallucinogen that is derived from the small, disc-like growths at the top of the peyote cactus.
Mescaline
__________ is sometimes referred to as "poor people's cocaine," producing a long-lasting high because it is metabolized slowly.
Methamphetamine
__________ may have an anti-anxiety property; its use has been noted to be highly prevalent among those with anxiety disorders.
Nicotine
The DSM-5 task force proposed numerous revisions to personality disorders, including the use of a hybrid dimensional-categorical model, which would have contained both categorical and dimensional components. Which of the following best reflects the changes that were actually reflected in the DSM-5?
No changes were accepted officially, and personality disorders in the DSM-5 are identical to those in the DSM-IV-TR.
What is the difference between schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders?
People living with schizoid personality disorder have a limited desire for social relationships, whereas those with schizotypal personality disorder have a desire for social relationships but struggle with social interaction due to their eccentricities.
Which type disorder is the most misdiagnosed?
Personality disorders
Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding psychotherapy?
Psychotherapy is often less expensive in the long-run than other forms of treatment, like medications.
__________ was a questionable form of therapy for children with attachment problems that involved therapists wrapping children in blankets, sitting on them, and squeezing them.
Rebirthing
Which of the following might explain why Muslims, Mormons, and orthodox Jews report lower incidence of alcohol use disorders?
Religious values place rules around the consumption of alcohol.
Since the passage of the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, amphetamines have been classified as a __________ drug, which means __________.
Schedule II; these drugs have a high abuse potential and require a prescription for each purchase
Which statement supports the notion that a hallucination is a sensory experience that is internally rather than externally generated?
Some deaf people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations.
Which of the following best describes one reason that pathological gambling is considered an addictive disorder?
Substance use and gambling disorders are maintained by short-term gains despite long-term problems caused from these behaviors.
Which of the following can help explain the quadrupling of opioid-related overdose deaths between 1999 to 2010?
The amount of opioids sold to doctors and hospitals quadrupled over the same period.
Marlon is transitioning between his adolescent and early-adulthood years. His brain is, therefore, going through a lot of structural changes. Which of the following is one of those changes?
The number of excess synapses are being reduced, or "pruned."
Which of the following most accurately describes some sex differences observed in schizophrenia?
The onset of schizophrenia occurs earlier in men than in women.
Which of the following pieces of evidence would most directly provide a therapist with evidence that their patient is showing reductions in symptoms of a specific phobia?
Their patient is now willing to hold insects of different types and sizes for extended periods.
Which of the following best describes why the DSM-5 task force proposed removing the cluster organization of personality disorders?
There are too many overlapping features across personality disorder clusters.
Which of the following best describes the state of research regarding whether "abstinence only" versus learning "controlled drinking" leads to the best long-term treatment outcomes for alcohol use disorder?
There is evidence that at least some percentage of people with a history of alcohol use disorder can learn to control their drinking.
Which of the following best describes the efficacy of medications for treating enuresis?
These drugs may help reduce symptoms in children who do not respond to behavioral treatments; however, there is typically relapse when these drugs are discontinued.
Why are assertive community treatment programs a cost effective way to provide treatment to those with schizophrenia?
They reduce the amount of time that patients spend in a hospital.
Why are symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking categorized as positive symptoms?
They reflect an excess or distortion in a normal repertoire of behavior or experience.
True or False: alcohol is a stimulant
True
True or False: it is not always possible to detect the presence of alcohol
True
Why would it be accurate to say that a "cure" for schizophrenia has yet to be uncovered?
When stringent criteria are used to define recovery, only about 14 percent of those with schizophrenia recover.
Hannah has been a patient of Dr. Jones for the past year. Dr. Jones often invites Hannah out for coffee or dinner and has been known to kiss Hannah on the cheek. Recently, he suggested that Hannah join him on a trip to the Caribbean. Dr. Jones's behavior is an example of __________.
a boundary violation
Having worked for a state agency for several years, Sheri's job involves helping children and others to obtain services that they cannot get for themselves. In some cases, she works to change the system so that underserved populations can obtain more assistance. Sheri probably works for __________.
a child advocacy program
Joey is struggling in school. Despite being eager to learn and focused in class, his grades have been suffering, particularly in classes where he has to write a lot. His essays tend to have numerous spelling and grammatical errors, and they are very difficult to follow compared to his peers' essays. Joey likely has __________.
a learning disorder
Patrick's biggest problem is that he has difficulties getting along with others. Although he shows no signs of obvious mental illness, he has longstanding problems with his sense of self and seems unable to function effectively or meet the demands of adult life. Patrick's behavior patterns are most suggestive of a diagnosis of __________.
a personality disorder
Neuroimaging studies comparing the scans of hallucinating persons to those of non-hallucinating persons reveal that those who have speech hallucinations tend to have __________.
a reduction in brain (gray matter) volume in the left hemisphere auditory and speech perception areas
The goal of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) in the treatment of borderline personality disorder is for the patient to __________.
accept negative affect without resorting to self-destructive or other maladaptive behaviors
For persons with severe personality disorders, treatment may be most effective in settings or situations where __________.
acting-out behaviors can be contained
Drug abuse and dependence are most common during __________.
adolescence and young adulthood
Which of the following dimensions developed from Hare's checklist reflects traits such as lack of remorse or guilt, callousness/lack of empathy, shallow affect, and a failure to accept responsibility for one's behavior?
affective
Rachel, who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD), is well-known by her peers for her intense emotional responses to various environmental triggers. She recovers slowly from upsets, and her behavior is characterized by drastic and rapid shifts from one emotion to another. This observed behavior pattern is called __________.
affective instability
Cooper, age 11, is quite large for his age. He is much taller than all of his classmates, and as a result they are rather intimidated by him. Cooper is very aggressive, and is regarded as a bully by his peers. He often pushes other kids around and is quickly ready to fight if they stand up to him. He has been suspended from school three times for punching other kids. In one instance, the other child suffered serious bruises from the assault. Cooper's behaviors are consistent with the __________ subtype of conduct disorder.
aggressive behavior
Barney, age 50, drank heavily for the past 30 years. He has now been sober for one year. Since being sober, he has shown difficulty with remembering recent conversations with family and coworkers, cannot recall the names of people he has met in the past 6 months, and appears confused and disoriented. What DSM-5 alcohol-related disorder is consistent with these observations about Barney?
alcohol amnestic disorder
Bob, after going on a week-long alcohol binge, has not had any alcoholic drinks in the last 24 hours. He states there are rats running across the floor (though no one else sees the rats), exhibits trembling in his hands, and cannot identify where he is when taken to the hospital. Bob is likely experiencing __________.
alcohol withdrawal delirium
The alcohol flush response is caused by a(n) __________.
an enzyme that fails to break down alcohol molecules in the liver during the metabolic process
All family therapies view a child's problems as, to some extent, __________.
an outgrowth of pathological interaction patterns within the family
Research findings across cultures reveal that the five-factor personality traits __________.
are common to both Western and non-Western cultures, including African and Asian cultures
Persons with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) __________.
are different from individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder in that those with OCPD do not have true obsessions or compulsive rituals
Some studies suggest that treatment success may be most promising for __________ personality disorders.
avoidant and dependent
Why is it so important for adults to recognize when a child needs professional help and to take the initiative in seeking it?
because in many cases children with psychological struggles cannot ask for help themselves
In order for someone to be diagnosed with intellectual disability, problems with intelligence and general level of performance must be evident __________.
before the age of 18
The cohesive family model is a family-group-oriented approach used to treat oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). With this model, ODD and CD are conceptualized as __________.
being reinforced and maintained by ineffective parenting practices
The use of lithium as a treatment for __________, aside from health risks and reported deaths associated with its use to treat hypertension, was delayed because __________.
bipolar disorder; it is a naturally occurring substance that cannot be patented and therefore is not profitable to be produced by pharmaceutical companies
Kevin was hospitalized after a report from his college that he was hallucinating and delusional. After 3 days in the hospital with no medication, his behavior returned to normal. He returned to college and has continued in his studies with no further episodes being noted. Kevin's behavior is consistent with the DSM-5 diagnosis of __________.
brief psychotic disorder
Research suggests that using __________ during adolescence more than doubles a person's risk of developing schizophrenia at a later stage of life.
cannabis
Matthew was hospitalized after being found sitting in a fountain in a park for several hours with his arms extended outward. Since coming to the psychiatric unit, he remains seated in the same position for several hours at a time and is mute. Matthew's behavior is an example of __________.
catatonia
Research using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has found that people suffering from dyslexia may have reduced physiological activation in the __________.
cerebellum
Which of the following is the most common form of child abuse in the United States, accounting for about 78 percent of all such cases?
child neglect
In the first version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), there were only two diagnoses included in the section on childhood disorders: __________ and adjustment reaction of childhood.
childhood schizophrenia
Walker and colleagues viewed family home movies made during the childhoods of 32 people who eventually developed schizophrenia. Facial, emotional, and motor movements were rated by the viewers. The results revealed that __________.
children who later developed schizophrenia showed more motor abnormalities, including unusual hand movements, compared to their healthy siblings
A Danish adoption study compared at-risk adopted children who had biological mothers with schizophrenia to a control group of adoptees whose biological mothers did not have schizophrenia. When the environmental factor of communication deviance was assessed and compared with the two groups, it was noted that __________.
children who were at genetic risk and who lived in adoptive families with high communication deviance showed higher levels of thought disorder when compared to control children
Which of the following are the three mental health professionals most likely to administer psychological treatment services?
clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and psychiatric social workers
Symptoms of paranoid personality disorder are often found with individuals who chronically abuse __________.
cocaine
Which of the following forms of psychological treatment has demonstrated effectiveness for the treatment of cocaine abusers?
cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management
During psychotherapy, client progress is not always smooth or linear. At times, however, clients have been known to make big positive changes from one session to the next. It has been suggested that these changes are the result of __________.
cognitive changes that the patients experience in critical sessions
What kind of therapy emphasizes the use of positive reinforcement and exposure procedures for the effective treatment of anxiety symptoms in young children?
cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)
The "skills training procedure," usually aimed at younger problem drinkers, is comprised of __________.
cognitive-behavioral strategies of intervention with social-learning theory
Which of the following is the most common treatment for pathological gambling?
cognitive-behavioral therapy
Studies have shown that a high percentage of pathological gamblers __________.
commit crimes related to family violence and aggression
The Mowrer bell-and-pad method used to treat enuresis is based on which psychological concept?
conditioning
Arnav was recently diagnosed with Tourette's disorder. Because of this disorder, he frequently has outbursts in which he begins yelling profanities. This often happens when he is in class and recently even happened in front of his grandparents, leaving him very embarrassed. The specific term for this is __________.
coprolalia
Misdiagnosis is more common with personality disorders than with other psychological disorders. This may occur because with personality disorders, __________.
criteria are defined by inferred traits or consistent patterns of behavior rather than by more objective behavioral standards
Prevalence rates of enuresis tend to __________ with age.
decrease
Marta is 19 years of age and has recently started demonstrating the functional deficits that are commonly associated with intellectual disability. She is having significant problems in general mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem solving, and planning. Which of the following would be the most appropriate diagnosis?
dementia
Children are more __________ other people than are adults. In some ways, this helps buffer against negative events because they are protected and supported; in other ways, it leaves children vulnerable to abuse or neglect.
dependent on
Carrie becomes frantic when her husband goes out of town for a business trip. She is very passive and submissive in her marriage and seems incapable of making independent decisions. Based on these observations, what diagnosis best represents Carrie's behaviors?
dependent personality disorder
Robert Hare's 20-item Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) provides clinicians with a way to __________.
diagnose psychopathy on the basis of the Cleckley criteria
The most well-studied neurotransmitter implicated in schizophrenia is __________.
dopamine
The common factor noted in all of the medications used to treat schizophrenia is their ability to block __________ receptors in the brain.
dopamine D2 receptors
It is suggested that a __________ in the brain plays a primary role in the "wanting" or anticipation of reward; however, __________ seems to play a primary role in the "liking" or consumption of rewarding stimuli.
dopaminergic pathway; the opioid system
Which problem, recently identified in the white matter of people with schizophrenia, explains a lot of the clinical features of the disorder?
dysconnectivity
Estimates indicate that between 2 and 10 percent of children have a learning disorder. The most common disorder is __________.
dyslexia
Which specific learning disorder is marked by problems in word recognition and reading comprehension, deficits in spelling and memory, or unusually slow reading skills that involve omission, addition, or distortion of words?
dyslexia
When a child is exposed to a disaster or trauma (e.g., hurricane, accident, hostage situation, shooting), __________ has the double goal of reducing the stressors in that child's life and strengthening her coping mechanisms.
early intervention
The brain and pituitary gland produce __________, an opium-like substance.
endorphins
Benzodiazepines work by __________.
enhancing the activity of GABA receptors
Studies that are designed to establish the prevalence (number of cases) of a particular disorder in a very large sample of people living in the community are called __________ studies
epidemiological studies
When compared to heroin, methadone is __________.
equally addictive in a physiological sense but produces less psychological impairment
Although Shelby has never met Donald Trump, she firmly believes he is in love with her because of the way he looks at her when he appears on the television. Her efforts to contact him have never been successful, which Shelby attributes to his need to keep their love secret "for now." Shelby has covered the walls of her bedroom with Trump photographs and posts long essays about their mutual love on her blog and social media accounts. Shelby works full-time, lives alone in an apartment, and exhibits no unusual behavior apart from her "secret affair" with Trump. Shelby's behavior is consistent with the DSM-5 diagnosis of __________.
erotomania
Many experts are concerned that the rise in the diagnosis of child bipolar disorder may be due to __________.
erroneous application of the bipolar diagnosis to a wide range of behavior problems such as ADHD
The reciprocal-influence model suggests that adolescents begin drinking as a result of __________.
expectations that using alcohol will increase their popularity and acceptance by their peers
When experiencing high levels of stress, individuals with paranoid personality disorder may __________.
experience transient psychotic symptoms lasting from a few minutes to several hours
Brown developed a construct called __________, which measures family environment based on how a family member speaks about the patient during a private interview with a researcher.
expressed emotion
A questionable therapeutic technique called __________ involved having an individual guide an autistic child's hand over a computer keyboard with the assumption that the child was "talking" through typing on the keyboard.
facilitated communication
When the situation involving a child's psychological concerns involves family violence, __________ becomes a particularly important part of the treatment plan.
family therapy
Which family member has been found difficult to engage in family therapy by many clinicians?
father
Elaine's mother drank frequently during her pregnancy. At birth, Elaine's appearance was striking as she was noted to have a low nasal bridge, ear abnormalities, and a thin upper lip. What would Elaine most likely be diagnosed as having?
fetal alcohol syndrome
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) indicates that approximately __________ college students drink alcohol and __________ of students who drink engage in binge drinking.
four out of five; half
Studies have identified overlap between avoidant personality disorder and __________, leading some investigators to conclude that avoidant personality disorder may simply be a somewhat more severe manifestation of the other.
generalized social phobia
This chapter stresses the point that schizophrenia is a(n) __________ disorder.
genetically influenced, but not a genetically determined
Dr. Mickens is conducting a study in which the entire genetic code of two groups—one with schizophrenia and one without the disorder—is investigated. What kind of study is this?
genome-wide association study (GWAS)
In a prospective study designed to examine factors associated with illness onset, __________.
groups of people are observed before a disorder appears and are followed over a period of time to see which individuals develop problems
Abraham and Wolf (1988) compared subjects who had used LSD 2 years earlier with a matched group of control subjects. Compared to the controls, the subjects with the history of LSD use __________.
had reduced visual sensitivity to light during dark adaptation and showed other visual problems
Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is most commonly thought of as a condition that only occurs in childhood and adolescence, studies done in the United States and abroad suggested that about __________ of children with ADHD will continue to meet criteria in adulthood.
half
Schizoid and avoidant personality disorders are similar in that, in the case of both diagnoses, people are socially isolated. However, they are different in that the person with a diagnosis of schizoid personality disorder __________, whereas the person diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder __________.
has little desire to form close relationships; wants interpersonal contact but is hypersensitive to criticism
The diagnosis of __________ personality disorder has historically been associated with women, even though some criteria include traits that are more commonly observed in men than in women (e.g., low self-consciousness). avoidant, histrionic, schizotypal, or narcissistic?
histrionic
Dipak suffers from a condition where he has an unusual accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within his cranium. This has led to damage to brain tissue and enlargement of the skull. As a result of these factors, Dipak has many of the symptoms of severe intellectual impairment. What is the proper diagnosis for Dipak's case?
hydrocephaly
The tension-reduction causal model is difficult to accept as a sole explanatory hypothesis for alcohol use because __________.
if tension-reduction were the main factor, one would expect substance-abuse disorder to be far more common since alcohol tends to reduce tension for most people who use it
In recent years, psychosurgery has been used with patients who have severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although many of these patients obtain relief from clinical symptoms of OCD, on follow-up, a large percentage of these patients exhibit __________.
impaired executive functioning on cognitive tests, problems with apathy, and disinhibited behavior
The number of pathological gamblers in the United States has been __________.
increasing
Research by Heston in 1966 suggested that a diagnosis of schizophrenia in one's mother was associated with an increased probability of being diagnosed with several other conditions, including __________.
intellectual impairments, neurosis, and psychopathy
Operant learning principles may explain why pathological gamblers, who may have experienced positive reinforcement with early wins, will continue to gamble in the face of loss. The gambling persistence may be sustained due to the influence of a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement.
intermittent
Individuals diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder show high levels of __________ and score low on __________ when personality traits are assessed using the five-factor model.
introversion; facets associated with openness to experience and conscientiousness
Depressed mood is a major symptom used to diagnose depression in adults. When diagnosing childhood depression with the DSM-5, the major symptom of __________ may be substituted for depressed mood.
irritability
An alcohol-risk personality has been described as an individual who has an inherited predisposition toward alcohol abuse, and who __________.
is impulsive, prefers taking high risks, and is emotionally unstable
Compared with opiate withdrawal, barbiturate withdrawal __________.
is more dangerous, severe, and long-lasting
In comparing the criteria for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) with that of an earlier diagnosis of psychopathy, it has been agreed that the two diagnoses have a lot of overlap. However, the diagnosis of ASPD __________, whereas the diagnosis of psychopathy __________.
is more inclusive and reflects a lot of criminality; is narrower and much more focused on personality structure
The term juvenile delinquency __________.
is the legal term used to refer to violations of the law committed by minors
Compared to specific phobia, ADHD is __________ and __________.
less common; more commonly diagnosed by mental health professionals
Which of the following is the hallmark of schizophrenia?
losing contact with reality, referred to as psychosis
Jessa has been using __________ daily for several years which his psychologist thinks may be related to his recent experiences with extreme anxiety, depression, hallucinations, and other psychotic-like symptoms.
marijuana
Medications are often used without including psychotherapy to treat psychological disorders. A downside of focusing only on treatment with medication is that __________.
medications may alleviate symptoms by inducing biochemical changes, but do not help the individual understand and change the personal or situational factors that may be creating or reinforcing maladaptive behaviors
A short-range effect associated with marijuana use is __________.
memory dysfunction and a slowing of information processing
The __________ is central to the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine and in mediating the rewarding properties of drugs.
mesocorticolimbic pathway
There is some evidence that the rate of autism is rising in the United States. This reported increase in diagnosis is most likely due to __________.
methodological differences between studies and changes in diagnostic practice and public and professional awareness
The individuals who are most likely to develop barbiturate dependency are __________.
middle-aged and older adults
Assessing the treatment needs and outcomes of minority groups is difficult to fully assess because __________.
minority groups are disproportionately underrepresented in treatment research studies
Most temperamental and personality traits have been found to have a(n) __________.
moderate heritability
Drugs such as __________ have been used as part of psychological therapy in treating cocaine dependence as these drugs reduce cravings and increase the likelihood of treatment compliance.
naltrexone and methadone
In Western cultures, personal ambition and success are encouraged and reinforced. Consequently, the percentage of persons diagnosed with __________ personality disorder is higher than in other, non-Western cultures.
narcissistic
Which of the traits identified in the five-factor model is comprised of the following six facets: anxiety, angry-hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability?
neuroticism
In order to make therapy a better fit for men, it has been suggested that __________.
new treatment approaches should be developed to recognize that many men see little value in talking about their problems and may respond more positively to action-focused treatments
Bupropion (Wellbutrin) is an antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of both norepinephrine and dopamine. This medication has been shown to help reduce symptoms of depression and __________.
nicotine cravings and symptoms of withdrawal in people who want to quit smoking
De novo genetic mutations __________.
occur in the egg or sperm and are passed on to every cell in the child's body, despite not appearing in the parents' bodies
The Alcoholics Anonymous model believes that __________, and thus one __________.
one is never cured of alcoholism; is always considered to be "in recovery"
Excessive doses of barbiturates can be lethal because barbiturates __________.
paralyze the brain's respiratory centers
Demetrius always questions the loyalty of his friends and is suspicious of the motives of others. He is quick to hold a grudge and is easily angered. Demetrius's behavior is most consistent with a diagnosis of __________ personality disorder.
paranoid
Which of the following causal factors has been identified as contributing to the development of grandiose narcissism?
parental overvaluation: parents believing their child to be more special and entitled than other children.
It has been suggested that individuals with personality disorders are less responsive to psychological treatment because __________.
people with personality disorders have rigid, ingrained personality traits that often lead to poor therapeutic relationships
Maria is a successful financial analyst who has been married for 20 years and is the mother of two adolescent children. Although Maria feels loved by family and friends and is happy in work and marriage, she recently entered therapy. Maria's reason for entering therapy most likely is for __________.
personal growth reasons
The five-factor model uses a dimensional approach in evaluating personality disorders. A dimensional approach to evaluating personality assumes that __________.
personality (and personality disorder) traits fall along a continuum of intensity
Jenna's son inherited a genetic disorder where the child's liver is unable to process a particular amino acid. He has been placed on a restricted diet and Jenna has been advised not to feed him turkey or diet soda. Without adherence to the diet, Jenna's son could develop intellectual disability. He was probably diagnosed with __________.
phenylketonuria
The brains of children with ADHD tend to mature more slowly than the brains of children without ADHD. These maturational delays are particularly prominent in which regions?
prefrontal regions
Whereas __________ in mothers are associated with higher rates of schizophrenia, __________ in mothers are associated with reduced risk of schizophrenia in their offspring.
proinflammatory cytokines; anti-inflammatory cytokines
During adolescence through to young adulthood, the following processes tend to take place as the brain develops and matures: __________.
pruning of excess synapses and a reduction in gray matter volume
Henry has a personality disorder. His psychotherapist has suggested that Henry developed his personality disorder during early childhood as the result of excessive gratification of his impulses by his parents. Henry's therapist has explained the development of Henry's disorder using a __________ theoretical perspective.
psychodynamic
Which clinical condition appears to be the single best predictor of violence and recidivism of convicted and imprisoned persons?
psychopathy
Neuroleptics are used to treat __________.
psychotic disorders
Pharmaceutical companies are required by the FDA to conduct studies measuring drug efficacy by using informed human subjects that are randomly assigned to either a group that receives the drug being investigated or a group receiving a placebo. These studies are referred to as __________.
randomized clinical trials (RCTs)
Raquel started seeing a therapist to help her with her social anxiety. When her therapist suggested that she start completing exposures to feared social situations (e.g., public speaking), Raquel was not happy. She had no desire to complete the exposures and she felt that the therapist was pushing this technique on her, when she just wanted to talk about her anxiety with a therapist. In this situation, one key factor Raquel and her therapist need to work on is __________, a component of the therapeutic alliance, to make sure Raquel stays in therapy and completes treatment.
reaching an agreement about the goals and steps of the therapy
In the area of auditory processing, people with schizophrenia show deficits in a process called __________. This may interfere with their ability to habituate to similar stimuli that are presented in rapid succession.
sensory gating
For both borderline and dependent personality disorders, fear of abandonment is prominent as a clinical feature. However, the borderline personality __________, while the dependent personality __________.
reacts with feelings of emptiness or rage if abandonment occurs; is submissive and urgently seeks out a new relationship to fill the void
In relapse prevention treatment, participants are taught to __________.
recognize the apparently irrelevant decisions that serve as early warning signals of the possibility of relapse
To reduce drug use over the long-term, treatment for heroin addiction should attempt to __________.
reduce cravings for the drug
The drug naltrexone is used to treat alcohol use by __________.
reducing the craving for alcohol by blocking its pleasure-producing effects
A person experiencing a delusion of __________ might believe that the billboard that she saw while driving down the highway was speaking directly to her instead of simply advertising a product.
reference
Researchers note that some people have difficulty experiencing pleasure from naturally occurring rewards that, to most people, are satisfying. Consequently, these individuals are compelled to seek out additional sources of pleasure through activities such as drug use. This hypothesis is called the __________.
reward deficiency syndrome hypothesis
Which disorder would provide the greatest challenge for a clinician to accurately diagnose?
schizoaffective disorder
Studies evaluating psychiatric patients and college students diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder have shown a deficit in the ability to track a moving target visually. This deficit is also found in individuals diagnosed with __________.
schizophrenia
A person who exhibits schizophrenia-like psychoses that last at least a month but less than 6 months would most likely be diagnosed with __________.
schizophreniform disorder
Frances is a college student majoring in Classics and Greek language. She earns good grades and works part-time. Frances is known to practice white magic. She participates in rituals and spell-casting. She can often be heard talking in Elvish in an attempt to connect with characters from Lord of the Rings. Frances's behavior is most consistent with a diagnosis of __________.
schizotypal personality disorder
Eli is 6 years of age, and his parents are thrilled that he is fully potty-trained. After his new sister is born and comes home from the hospital, he notices that she receives a lot of attention and he feels ignored. Soon he begins wetting his pants again, and his parents put him back in pull-up diapers. If this problem persists, Eli might be diagnosed with __________ functional enuresis.
secondary
India has a real problem. At age 5, she simply cannot tolerate being parted from her father. Ever since her mother died last year, she clings to her father's side, and cannot even be one room away from him. This causes significant problems, particularly when he has to leave her at the day care center every morning when he goes to work. He often gets calls that he has to leave work and come get her after just an hour or two. India may be suffering from __________.
separation anxiety disorder
People who abuse drugs __________.
show markedly different behaviors depending on the type, amount, and duration of drug use
People with schizophrenia often have trouble with a visual task involving tracking the movement of a pendulum. This skill is called __________.
smooth-pursuit eye movement
Marcus's therapist is helping him to work on his interpersonal relationships, self-care skills, and medication management. He is also working on maintaining eye contact with people, speaking at a moderate pace, and maintaining a conversation. What form of treatment is Marcus likely receiving?
social-skills training
Research suggests that, in children, exposure-based therapies that emphasize __________ result in improved treatment outcomes.
spending a lot of time engaging in exposures to highly feared stimuli
When Eugen Bleuler used the word schizophrenia to describe a "splitting" he observed in patients, he used the term to represent a __________.
splitting of the intellect from emotion and external reality
The primary goal of Kernberg's transference-focused psychotherapy is __________.
strengthening the weak egos of persons with borderline personality disorder, with a particular focus on adapting their primitive defense mechanism of splitting
Research has shown that pathological gambling often co-occurs with other disorders. Which of the following co-occurring types of disorders are associated with the most severe forms of pathological gambling?
substance-abuse disorders
In a study looking at successful and unsuccessful psychopaths living in a community, __________ showed greater heart rate reactivity under stress than other groups evaluated.
successful psychopaths
Which substance binds with CB1 receptors in the nervous system and can produce marijuana-like intoxication?
synthetic cannabinoids
Which of the following terms, which refers to marked involuntary movement of the lips, tongue, hands, and neck, is a side effect that sometimes accompanies the use of antipsychotic medications?
tardive dyskinesia
Parent management training, which involves __________, is effective in the treatment of CD and ODD.
teaching parents to effectively reinforce their child's prosocial behaviors while ignoring aggressive/antisocial behaviors
Although the DSM-II contained a more comprehensive range of diagnoses than its predecessor, the DSM, concerns about the system focused on the fact that __________.
the DSM system that was developed for adults was used to diagnose childhood problems, even though there were often no adult counterparts to many of the childhood disorders
Which component of psychopathy would you expect to decrease with age?
the antisocial behavioral dimension
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines heavy episodic drinking as __________.
the consumption of six or more alcoholic drinks on at least one occasion at least once per month
Researchers studying psychotherapy have attempted to apply methodology similar to that used in drug studies in order to evaluate effectiveness. One factor that makes using this model for evaluating therapies challenging is __________.
the difficulty of creating a placebo condition that will appear credible to patients
A change in the DSM-5 criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has resulted in expanding the population of patients who can receive this diagnosis to now include adults, which may lead to a much greater use of stimulants by adults. Concern has been expressed that __________.
the expansion could lead to widespread misuse of stimulant drugs for performance enhancement and recreation use, adding to the already extensive problem of stimulant abuse
In young adulthood, females have lower rates of schizophrenia than males. The lower rate may be a result of __________.
the hormone estrogen providing a protective factor
Since World War II, there has been an increase in the prevalence of emotional and impulsive behavior. It is hypothesized that this change could be the result of __________.
the increased breakdown of the family and other traditional social structures
With aversive conditioning therapy, __________.
the patient experiences the presentation of noxious stimuli paired with alcohol consumption in order to suppress drinking behavior
Weisman and colleagues are developing culturally informed treatments for the families of patients with schizophrenia that consider __________.
the role of family cohesiveness as well as spirituality and religion in the therapy process
Clinicians may not be the best judge of client success because __________.
they may be biased in favor of seeing themselves as competent and successful
Martin began drinking alcohol during college. He drinks daily. Initially, he drank a couple of beers each evening. He now consumes six to 12 bottles of beer each evening. When asked why he drinks so much, Martin replied, "It takes at least a six-pack to feel anything." Martin's increased need for alcohol to achieve the same effects is an example of __________.
tolerance
Tolerance for barbiturates follows a different pattern than opiate tolerance in that __________.
tolerance for barbiturates does not increase the amount of drug needed to cause death
Some detoxification clinics are concerned about the use of tranquilizers during the alcohol detoxification phase of treatment because __________.
tranquilizers do not promote long-term recovery and may simply transfer the addiction to another substance
Sally, age 7, talks to her invisible friend. Her father is worried about this behavior, so he takes her to a psychologist who says that this is developmentally appropriate behavior for a child her age, but that if it persists into adolescence, he should bring her back. This highlights that children may need __________.
unique classification systems from adults
While the symptoms of brief psychotic disorder may last for __________, the symptoms of a schizophreniform disorder can persist for __________.
up to 1 month; between 1 and 6 months
In an examination of environmental factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia, researchers in Denmark found that children who spent the first 15 years of their lives living in __________ environments were 2.75 times as likely to develop the condition as children who were raised in __________ settings.
urban; rural
Emily tells her therapist that her husband is dishonest, conceited, arrogant, and demanding but also frequently expresses feelings of shame and self-doubt. Based on these behaviors, Emily's therapist feels that her client is married to a __________.
vulnerable narcissist