A and p 11 Midterm Chp 16

The anterior pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is __________.

ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced by cells called corticotrophs. It stimulates the development of the adrenal glands and their synthesis of various steroid hormones.

In response to falling blood glucose levels, which pancreatic islet cell releases glucagon?

Alpha cell

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

TSH TSH, or thyroid stimulating hormone, is released by the pituitary in response to stimulation by the hypothalamic hormone TRH. As its name suggests, TSH stimulates the thyroid gland.

Which of the following hormones will be elevated in a patient with primary hypothyroidism, which results in a nonfunctional thyroid gland?

TSH Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) will be elevated because the negative feedback from thyroid hormones is not working.

Adrenal gland: chromaffin cells. Thyroid gland: follicular cells. Parathyroid gland: chief cells. Pancreas: islet cells.

The Glands

Which hormone and the organ that makes it match is incorrect?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid gland

What hormone is imbalanced in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism?

Thyroxine

What is the name of the hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla?

chromaffin cells Chromaffin cells are stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the endocrine system?

controls memory and learning Memory and learning are higher-level functions of the nervous system.

Low levels of T3 and T4 will cause:

increased TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary via a negative feedback loop. The low levels of T3 and T4 are detected by receptors in the hypothalamus, and the anterior pituitary then increases the production of TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland.

Which of the following is not one of the effects of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

increased calcium storage in bones PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone and release calcium.

What is the function of leptin?

induces satiety Leptin produced by adipocytes targets the hypothalamus and induces the feeling of fullness or satiety.

Compared to the effects of the nervous system, the effects of the endocrine system __________.

last longer Hormones can require seconds, several hours, or even days to elicit their effects, but these effects are generally longer-lasting than those of the nervous system.

The pineal gland produces the hormone __________.

melatonin Melatonin's main target tissues are the sleep-regulating centers in the brainstem, where it appears to adjust the sleep phase of the sleep/wake cycle.

Which gland produces cortisol?

Adrenal gland

In response to rising blood calcium levels, the parafollicular cells of the thyroid will secrete which hormone?

Calcitonin

Which endocrine organ is controlled by both hormonal and neural communications?

Pituitary

Which gland produces prolactin?

Pituitary gland

Which four organs are considered to be neuroendocrine organs?

Posterior pituitary gland; hypothalamus; pineal gland; and adrenal medulla

The outer region of the adrenal gland is called the __________.

cortex The cortex secretes steroidal-based hormones including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens.

A patient presents with buffalo hump, weight gain, increased blood pressure, suppression of the immune response, and osteoporosis. The most likely diagnosis will be __________.

cortisol hypersecretion Those are symptoms of cortisol hypersecretion, also known as Cushing disease.

Which of the following hormones is not important for fluid homeostasis?

epinephrine Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla is not involved in fluid homeostasis, but instead with the stress response.

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

epinephrine Yes, epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act like modified postganglionic neurons.

Which of the following is an effect of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4?

increase in the metabolic rate Thyroid hormones increase the rate at which cells carry out both catabolic and anabolic reactions.

The cells that secrete glucagon are located in the:

pancreas The cells that produce and secrete glucagon are called alpha cells and are located in the islets of the pancreas.

Which of the following is not one of the effects of cortisol?

stimulates the inflammatory response Cortisol also has an inhibitory effect on inflammation, therefore allowing the body to deal with the stress even when it is injured.

Which of the following hormones is important for T lymphocyte maturation?

thymosin Thymosin is secreted by the thymus.

Which of the following glands secretes mineralocorticoids?

Adrenal cortex The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgenic steroids.

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

Cushing's disease Yes, a patient with Cushing's would have hypertension, increased blood glucose, and an unusual fat distribution on the face, known as a "moon face." These symptoms are due to increased levels of cortisol and can also be seen in patients after long periods of steroid treatment.

What feature is shared by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

FSH and LH are tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary and target the gonads.

The prefix gluco- means "sugar" or "glucose." The prefix thyro- means "relating to the thyroid gland." The prefix tropi- means "to turn on." The prefix adren- means "relating to the adrenal glands." The prefix para- means "beside," "near" or "alongside."

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone turn on the gonads and are called gonadotropins. The group of hormones made by the adrenal cortex that regulate sugar metabolism are called glucocorticoids. The glands located alongside the thyroid gland are called parathyroid glands. A chemical signal that targets the adrenal cortex is called adrenocorticotropic hormone. The main hormone produced by the thyroid gland is called thyroxine.

Which hormone is produced in the hypothalamus?

Oxytocin

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

heart palpitations Yes, due to the increase in epinephrine, heart rate would be increased and you would feel like your heart was pounding or racing.

Hypothyroidism results in:

high TSH. Hypothyroidism results in decreased levels of T3 and T4 because of an underactive thyroid. This reduces the negative feedback to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and causes an increase in TRH and TSH secretion.

Which of the following will cause negative feedback inhibition of the HPA axis?

high cortisol levels As the cortisol level rises, the hypothalamus decreases CRH secretion and the anterior pituitary ultimately decreases ACTH secretion.

Chemical messengers that reach their target cells traveling in blood are called __________.

hormones Hormones interact with their target cells and influence their functions in order to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis; to promote growth; to regulate metabolic reactions; and more.

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary?

ADH The antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin) is a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the kidneys to retain water. It is stored in the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary.

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

ADH (vasopressin) Yes, ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron and its secondary function is to act as a vasoconstrictor.

The hormone that helps regulate blood sodium concentration, by stimulating Na⁺ conservation in the kidneys is:

Aldosterone Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid from the adrenal cortex. It stimulates the retention of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions in the kidneys.

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop?

Baroreceptors in the arteries send a signal to the brain that the blood pressure is low. The brain sends a chemical signal to the heart to increase its rate of pumping. This continues until the baroreceptors sense a normal blood pressure. This is an example of a negative feedback loop, which reduces the original stimulus, moving the system back towards equilibrium.

Which cells produce insulin?

Beta cells

Which of the following hormones is secreted in response to stress?

Cortisol Cortisol is essential for the stress response, because it increases the availability of metabolic fuel molecules.

Which of the following effects occurs when epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla?

Decreased digestive and urinary functions Epinephrine is also known as adrenaline and is released after sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla. Just like sympathetic stimulation, it causes a decrease in digestive and urinary functions.

State two ways in which endocrine glands and exocrine glands differ.

Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood, and exocrine glands have ducts that secrete products onto epithelial tissue.

Which of the following effects is NOT associated with the hormone insulin?

Gluconeogenesis in the liver The synthesis of glucose in the liver is stimulated by the hormone glucagon, not insulin.

Which of the following is not one of the effects of epinephrine?

Increased water retention Increased water retention is an effect of aldosterone and the antidiuretic hormone, not of epinephrine.

Hyperthyroidism results in:

Low TSH. Hyperthyroidism results in increased levels of T3 and T4 because of a hyperactive thyroid. This will increase the negative feedback to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and cause a decrease in TRH and TSH secretion.

Which of the following hormones has effects that involve positive feedback loops?

Oxytocin Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and the milk let-down reflex. These are two classical examples of positive feedback loops.

Which gland produces glucagon?

Pancreas

Insulin is produced by the __________ cells of the pancreas.

beta Beta cells are found in the pancreatic islets, also known as the islets of Langerhans.

What hormone is made by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?

calcitonin

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

decreased insulin secretion Yes, insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels. Therefore, insulin secretion would be decreased, in turn increasing plasma glucose.

The hormone calcitonin is produced by the __________ cells of the thyroid.

parafollicular Parafollicular cells are found between thyroid follicles.

Which of the following is not a major neurotransmitter used by the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?

serotonin Serotonin is an excitatory neurotransmitter mainly found in the CNS, not the sympathetic nervous system.