A & P 2 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
What are the anatomic characteristics of lymphatic vessels? Check all that apply.
- Larger diameter than blood capillaries - Lack a basement membrane - Blind-ended - Have anchoring filaments
What areas drain lymph through the thoracic duct? Check all that apply.
- Left side of head and neck - Left upper limb - Left thorax - All of abdomen and both lower limbs
What are the main groups of tonsils in the body? Check all that apply.
- Pharyngeal tonsils - palatine tonsils - Lingual tonsils
Lymph from the right lymphatic duct drains which areas of the body? Check all that apply.
- Right side of the head and neck - Right upper limb - Right side of thorax
In an adult, where is red bone marrow found in the body? Check all that apply.
- flat bones of the skull and sternum - proximal epiphyses of each humerus and femur - vertebrae and ribs
Fluid contained inside the lymphatic vessels is referred to as ____________ and is similar to ____________ in consistency and appearance.
- lymph - blood plasma
Correct Flow Direction of lymph flow
- lymphatic capillaries to collecting vessels - collecting vessels to lymphatic trunks - left lumbar trunk to the thoracic duct - lower extremity lymph to the thoracic duct
What are the typical structural parts of a lymph node? Check all that apply.
- lymphatic nodules - afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels - cortex and medulla of a nodule
The tonsils, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes are all examples of ____________ .
- lymphatic organs
Accumulations of lymphocytes embedded in connective tissue networks are called ____________ and can be present in static locations or acutely accumulate in areas of infection.
- lymphatic tissues
Originating distally in the tissues of the body, excess interstitial fluids are taken up by the ____________ , which resemble ____________ .
- lymphatic vessels - veins
'Constitutional' symptoms complained of by some patients with Hodgkin's Disease include
- night sweats - unexplained weight loss - unexplained fever
Incorrect Flow Direction of lymph flow
- right head lymph to the thoracic duct - lymph nodes to lymphatic capillaries - collecting ducts to collecting vessels - thoracic duct to cisterna chyli - right subclavian trunk to thoracic duct - intestinal trunk to the right lymphatic duct
Trace the path of lymph from the time it leaves the interstitial spaces to the time it enters the blood.
1- Lymphatic capillaries 2- Afferent lymphatic vessels 3- Lymph nodes 4- Efferent lymphatic vessels 5- Lymphatic trunks 6- Lymphatic ducts
Put the steps in the lymphatic pathway in the correct order.
1- lymphatic capillary (the smallest vessel) 2- afferent lymphatic vessel (leading to a lymph node) 3- lymph node (small nodular organ) 4- efferent lymphatic vessel (exiting a lymph node) 5- lymphatic trunk (draining a region) 6- collecting duct (one of two large pathways) 7- subclavian vein (into the blood)
Approximately ____________ of the fluid that enters the interstitial space is normally absorbed into lymphatic capillaries.
15%
The lymphatic system contains ____ lymphatic ducts.
2
area drained by right lymphatic duct is
7
area drained by thoracic duct
8
germinal center
B cells multiply in this region
What is the function of lymphatic nodules?
Defend against infection in the area
Secondary lymphatic structures include the red bone marrow and thymus.
False
Lymph vessels reabsorb what fluid from the tissues and return it to the venous circulation?
Interstitial fluid
Which of the following is not part of a lymph node?
Lymphatic capillaries
Which tonsils are found in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal
The malignant cell in the case of Hodgkin's lymphoma is the
Reed-Sternberg cell
Besides filtering blood for foreign materials and phagocytosis of old, defective erythrocytes, the spleen is also involved in what other major function?
Reservoir of platelets and erythrocytes
The thymus functions in ____________ maturation.
T-lymphocyte
Deposited in secondary lymphoid organ
WBC live here/Lymph node
The normal micro-architecture of healthy lymph nodes includes all the following except
abundant fibrous tissue
When the pharyngeal tonsil becomes enlarged, it is called ____________ .
adenoids
red bone marrow
all blood begins here
Pharyngeal tonsils are
also called adenoids
Lymphatic capillaries are unique in that they depend on _________ to prevent the collapse of the lymphatic capillaries as pressure exerted by the interstitial fluid increases.
anchoring filaments
Capsule
area containing leukocytes
white pulp with central artery
area of many WBCs
splenic cord
artery to lobe
The spleen functions to filter ____________ .
blood
Occasionally lymph can contain metastisized ____________ .
cancer cells
Lymphatic capillaries are ____ vessels.
closed-ended
jugular trunks
drain head and neck
Lumbar trunks
drain lower limbs and pelvic organs
bronchomediastinal trunks
drain lymph from deep thoracic structures
Intestinal trunks drains
drain most abdominal structures
subclavian trunks
drain upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thoracic wall
splenic sinusoids
enlarged area of blood
Trabecula
enlarges area of venous blood
Lymphatic capillaries are found in all of the following tissues or areas except
epithelia
As part of the lymphatic system, the spleen functions to filter lymph.
false
B- and T-lymphocytes both mature in the red bone marrow.
false
Lymphatic nodules are encapsulated lymphatic organs.
false
Lymphatic nodules are small, oval clusters of lymphatic cells that are completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule.
false
Peyer patches are found in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
false
The thymus is a bilobed organ that is located in the superior mediastinum and functions in B-lymphocyte maturation.
false
Tonsils contain both red and white pulp.
false
Spleen
filters blood; storage pf platelets and erythrocytes
Lymph node
filters lymph
B-lymphocytes
form in red bone marrow and directly enter the blood
The higher the interstitial fluid pressure, the ____________ amount of fluid that enters the lymphatic capillary.
greater
The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the
hilum
The cortex contains ____________ lymphocytes.
immature
Fluid moves into lymphatic capillaries when there is a(n) ____________ in hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial space.
increase
The formation of lymph increases as a result of
increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid.
If an individual has an infected cut on their thigh, in which region are lymph nodes most likely to enlarge?
inguinal region
Check all that are components of lymph.
interstitial fluid, solutes, foreign material
Lymph from the head and neck drains into the ____ trunks.
jugular
Lymphatic capillaries located in the GI tract are called
lacteals
Compared to blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries are usually ____ in diameter.
larger
The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from all of the following body regions, except the
lower limb
Secondary Lymphatic Structures
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules, MALT
The white pulp of the spleen contains ____________ .
lymphatic cells
Within the tonsils are ____________ that help protect against foreign substances.
lymphatic nodules
Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris are
macrophages
The red pulp of the spleen contains ____________ .
macrophages
The inner medulla contains ____________ lymphocytes.
mature
T-lymphocytes
migrate to the thymus to mature
A pharyngeal tonsil is found in the posterior wall of the ____________ .
nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils are located in the posterolateral region of the ____________ .
oral cavity
The aspect of Lily's neck mass that was so troubling to the nurse practitioner was the fact that it was
painless
Other than red bone marrow, the spleen contains the largest single store of
platelets
Which of the following is not a function of the lymph node?
production of red blood cells
The thymus continues to grow until a person reaches ________ , when it reaches a maximum weight of 30 to 50 grams.
puberty
All lymphocytes originate in the _______ bone marrow.
red
The tissues of the spleen include
red and white pulp
Primary Lymphatic Structures
red bone marrow and thymus
The ____________ serves as a reservoir for platelets.
red pulp
The general aspect of the micro-architecture of the lymph node that indicated there was a serious problem with Lilly's biopsy was the
replacement of the normal architecture with lymphocytes and scar tissue.
The primary functions of lymph include
returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure ____________ as fluid is filtered from the blood capillaries.
rises
In the case of Hodgkin's lymphoma, the Reed-Sternberg cells cause damage by
secreting agents that trigger a 'civil' war between different, otherwise healthy, fractions of the immune system.
Thymus
site of T-lymphocyte maturation
Peyer patches are large accumulations of MALT located only in the
small intestine
red pulp
storage site for erythrocytes and platelets
The 'stage' of a tumor, such as Hodgkin's Disease, refers to
the extent of spread in the patient's body.
cortical sinus
these are open areas of lymph in the cortex
tissue fluid
these are the cells of an organ
afferent lymphatic vessels
these are the lymphatic vessels that lead toward a lymph node
anchoring filament
these attach the lymph vessel to the surrounding tissue
lymphatic capillary
these lymph vessels intertwine a capillary bed
tissue cells
this is a cell of an organ
lymphatic nodules
this is an open area of lymph in the cortex
medullary cord
this is composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and reticular cells
medullary sinus
this is filled with lymph and runs continuously with subscapsular sinus
lymph
this is the fluid found in a lymph vessel
efferent lymphatic vessels
this is the lymphatic vessel that leads out of an organ
endothelium of lymphatic capillary
this layer of cells lines the lymph vessel
venule
this leads blood away from a capillary bed
arteriole
this leads blood into a capillary bed
Maturation at primary site
this organ begins with the letter for its cells/ Red bone marrow
Maturation at secondary site
this organ begins with the letter for its cells/Thymus
The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
Which lymphatic system organ involutes and becomes nonfunctional as aging occurs?
thymus
T-lymphocytes are named according to the _______ where they become immunologically mature.
thymus gland
Lingual tonsils are located along the posterior one-third of the ____________ .
tongue
An increase in hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial space "pushes" interstitial fluid into the lymphatic capillary lumen.
true
In the spleen, white pulp contains large amounts of lymphocytes and macrophages while red pulp contains a large amount of erythrocytes, platelets, and some lymphocytes and macrophages.
true
Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that they contain valves to prevent backflow, and use the contraction of nearby skeletal muscles to help move lymph along.
true
Lymphatic ____ are formed from merging lymphatic vessels.
trunks
The thymus consists of ____________ lobes.
two
The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the
upper limb and mammary gland.
Lymphatic ducts empty into
veins
The red pulp of the spleen is where ____ drainage of the blood occurs.
venous
The majority of lymph is composed of ____________ .
water and dissolved solutes
