A & P 2 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

What are the anatomic characteristics of lymphatic vessels? Check all that apply.

- Larger diameter than blood capillaries - Lack a basement membrane - Blind-ended - Have anchoring filaments

What areas drain lymph through the thoracic duct? Check all that apply.

- Left side of head and neck - Left upper limb - Left thorax - All of abdomen and both lower limbs

What are the main groups of tonsils in the body? Check all that apply.

- Pharyngeal tonsils - palatine tonsils - Lingual tonsils

Lymph from the right lymphatic duct drains which areas of the body? Check all that apply.

- Right side of the head and neck - Right upper limb - Right side of thorax

In an adult, where is red bone marrow found in the body? Check all that apply.

- flat bones of the skull and sternum - proximal epiphyses of each humerus and femur - vertebrae and ribs

Fluid contained inside the lymphatic vessels is referred to as ____________ and is similar to ____________ in consistency and appearance.

- lymph - blood plasma

Correct Flow Direction of lymph flow

- lymphatic capillaries to collecting vessels - collecting vessels to lymphatic trunks - left lumbar trunk to the thoracic duct - lower extremity lymph to the thoracic duct

What are the typical structural parts of a lymph node? Check all that apply.

- lymphatic nodules - afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels - cortex and medulla of a nodule

The tonsils, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes are all examples of ____________ .

- lymphatic organs

Accumulations of lymphocytes embedded in connective tissue networks are called ____________ and can be present in static locations or acutely accumulate in areas of infection.

- lymphatic tissues

Originating distally in the tissues of the body, excess interstitial fluids are taken up by the ____________ , which resemble ____________ .

- lymphatic vessels - veins

'Constitutional' symptoms complained of by some patients with Hodgkin's Disease include

- night sweats - unexplained weight loss - unexplained fever

Incorrect Flow Direction of lymph flow

- right head lymph to the thoracic duct - lymph nodes to lymphatic capillaries - collecting ducts to collecting vessels - thoracic duct to cisterna chyli - right subclavian trunk to thoracic duct - intestinal trunk to the right lymphatic duct

Trace the path of lymph from the time it leaves the interstitial spaces to the time it enters the blood.

1- Lymphatic capillaries 2- Afferent lymphatic vessels 3- Lymph nodes 4- Efferent lymphatic vessels 5- Lymphatic trunks 6- Lymphatic ducts

Put the steps in the lymphatic pathway in the correct order.

1- lymphatic capillary (the smallest vessel) 2- afferent lymphatic vessel (leading to a lymph node) 3- lymph node (small nodular organ) 4- efferent lymphatic vessel (exiting a lymph node) 5- lymphatic trunk (draining a region) 6- collecting duct (one of two large pathways) 7- subclavian vein (into the blood)

Approximately ____________ of the fluid that enters the interstitial space is normally absorbed into lymphatic capillaries.

15%

The lymphatic system contains ____ lymphatic ducts.

2

area drained by right lymphatic duct is

7

area drained by thoracic duct

8

germinal center

B cells multiply in this region

What is the function of lymphatic nodules?

Defend against infection in the area

Secondary lymphatic structures include the red bone marrow and thymus.

False

Lymph vessels reabsorb what fluid from the tissues and return it to the venous circulation?

Interstitial fluid

Which of the following is not part of a lymph node?

Lymphatic capillaries

Which tonsils are found in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?

Pharyngeal

The malignant cell in the case of Hodgkin's lymphoma is the

Reed-Sternberg cell

Besides filtering blood for foreign materials and phagocytosis of old, defective erythrocytes, the spleen is also involved in what other major function?

Reservoir of platelets and erythrocytes

The thymus functions in ____________ maturation.

T-lymphocyte

Deposited in secondary lymphoid organ

WBC live here/Lymph node

The normal micro-architecture of healthy lymph nodes includes all the following except

abundant fibrous tissue

When the pharyngeal tonsil becomes enlarged, it is called ____________ .

adenoids

red bone marrow

all blood begins here

Pharyngeal tonsils are

also called adenoids

Lymphatic capillaries are unique in that they depend on _________ to prevent the collapse of the lymphatic capillaries as pressure exerted by the interstitial fluid increases.

anchoring filaments

Capsule

area containing leukocytes

white pulp with central artery

area of many WBCs

splenic cord

artery to lobe

The spleen functions to filter ____________ .

blood

Occasionally lymph can contain metastisized ____________ .

cancer cells

Lymphatic capillaries are ____ vessels.

closed-ended

jugular trunks

drain head and neck

Lumbar trunks

drain lower limbs and pelvic organs

bronchomediastinal trunks

drain lymph from deep thoracic structures

Intestinal trunks drains

drain most abdominal structures

subclavian trunks

drain upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thoracic wall

splenic sinusoids

enlarged area of blood

Trabecula

enlarges area of venous blood

Lymphatic capillaries are found in all of the following tissues or areas except

epithelia

As part of the lymphatic system, the spleen functions to filter lymph.

false

B- and T-lymphocytes both mature in the red bone marrow.

false

Lymphatic nodules are encapsulated lymphatic organs.

false

Lymphatic nodules are small, oval clusters of lymphatic cells that are completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule.

false

Peyer patches are found in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

false

The thymus is a bilobed organ that is located in the superior mediastinum and functions in B-lymphocyte maturation.

false

Tonsils contain both red and white pulp.

false

Spleen

filters blood; storage pf platelets and erythrocytes

Lymph node

filters lymph

B-lymphocytes

form in red bone marrow and directly enter the blood

The higher the interstitial fluid pressure, the ____________ amount of fluid that enters the lymphatic capillary.

greater

The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the

hilum

The cortex contains ____________ lymphocytes.

immature

Fluid moves into lymphatic capillaries when there is a(n) ____________ in hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial space.

increase

The formation of lymph increases as a result of

increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid.

If an individual has an infected cut on their thigh, in which region are lymph nodes most likely to enlarge?

inguinal region

Check all that are components of lymph.

interstitial fluid, solutes, foreign material

Lymph from the head and neck drains into the ____ trunks.

jugular

Lymphatic capillaries located in the GI tract are called

lacteals

Compared to blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries are usually ____ in diameter.

larger

The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from all of the following body regions, except the

lower limb

Secondary Lymphatic Structures

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules, MALT

The white pulp of the spleen contains ____________ .

lymphatic cells

Within the tonsils are ____________ that help protect against foreign substances.

lymphatic nodules

Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris are

macrophages

The red pulp of the spleen contains ____________ .

macrophages

The inner medulla contains ____________ lymphocytes.

mature

T-lymphocytes

migrate to the thymus to mature

A pharyngeal tonsil is found in the posterior wall of the ____________ .

nasopharynx

Palatine tonsils are located in the posterolateral region of the ____________ .

oral cavity

The aspect of Lily's neck mass that was so troubling to the nurse practitioner was the fact that it was

painless

Other than red bone marrow, the spleen contains the largest single store of

platelets

Which of the following is not a function of the lymph node?

production of red blood cells

The thymus continues to grow until a person reaches ________ , when it reaches a maximum weight of 30 to 50 grams.

puberty

All lymphocytes originate in the _______ bone marrow.

red

The tissues of the spleen include

red and white pulp

Primary Lymphatic Structures

red bone marrow and thymus

The ____________ serves as a reservoir for platelets.

red pulp

The general aspect of the micro-architecture of the lymph node that indicated there was a serious problem with Lilly's biopsy was the

replacement of the normal architecture with lymphocytes and scar tissue.

The primary functions of lymph include

returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure ____________ as fluid is filtered from the blood capillaries.

rises

In the case of Hodgkin's lymphoma, the Reed-Sternberg cells cause damage by

secreting agents that trigger a 'civil' war between different, otherwise healthy, fractions of the immune system.

Thymus

site of T-lymphocyte maturation

Peyer patches are large accumulations of MALT located only in the

small intestine

red pulp

storage site for erythrocytes and platelets

The 'stage' of a tumor, such as Hodgkin's Disease, refers to

the extent of spread in the patient's body.

cortical sinus

these are open areas of lymph in the cortex

tissue fluid

these are the cells of an organ

afferent lymphatic vessels

these are the lymphatic vessels that lead toward a lymph node

anchoring filament

these attach the lymph vessel to the surrounding tissue

lymphatic capillary

these lymph vessels intertwine a capillary bed

tissue cells

this is a cell of an organ

lymphatic nodules

this is an open area of lymph in the cortex

medullary cord

this is composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and reticular cells

medullary sinus

this is filled with lymph and runs continuously with subscapsular sinus

lymph

this is the fluid found in a lymph vessel

efferent lymphatic vessels

this is the lymphatic vessel that leads out of an organ

endothelium of lymphatic capillary

this layer of cells lines the lymph vessel

venule

this leads blood away from a capillary bed

arteriole

this leads blood into a capillary bed

Maturation at primary site

this organ begins with the letter for its cells/ Red bone marrow

Maturation at secondary site

this organ begins with the letter for its cells/Thymus

The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Which lymphatic system organ involutes and becomes nonfunctional as aging occurs?

thymus

T-lymphocytes are named according to the _______ where they become immunologically mature.

thymus gland

Lingual tonsils are located along the posterior one-third of the ____________ .

tongue

An increase in hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial space "pushes" interstitial fluid into the lymphatic capillary lumen.

true

In the spleen, white pulp contains large amounts of lymphocytes and macrophages while red pulp contains a large amount of erythrocytes, platelets, and some lymphocytes and macrophages.

true

Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that they contain valves to prevent backflow, and use the contraction of nearby skeletal muscles to help move lymph along.

true

Lymphatic ____ are formed from merging lymphatic vessels.

trunks

The thymus consists of ____________ lobes.

two

The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the

upper limb and mammary gland.

Lymphatic ducts empty into

veins

The red pulp of the spleen is where ____ drainage of the blood occurs.

venous

The majority of lymph is composed of ____________ .

water and dissolved solutes