A and P 3 Week 7

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

Which one is most significant in the extracellular fluid?

Bicarbonate

If water gained exceeds water loss, how does fluid shift between the ECF & the ICF?

ECF moves into ICF because of loss in osmotic pressure and then cells swell

Do receptors monitor ECF or ICF levels?

ECF only, osmoreceptors and baroreceptors

If water loss exceeds water gained, how does fluid shift between the ECF & the ICF?

Less water leaves the ICF so less water enters the ECF

Do we ever expend energy to move water (pumping water molecules)?

No

Which one is most significant in the intracellular fluid?

Phosphate

Why must blood pH be maintained?

To help enzymes and brain function

What triggers their release?

When the atria are stretched because of high blood pressure

Does blood pH affect electrolyte balance?

Yes

Does gravity alone allow for its movement through the ureters? If not, what aides its passage?

...

What is lost in urine (generally)?

95% water and 5% solutes (nitrogenous wastes and ions (nat, K, phoshates, sulfates))

What are buffers?

A buffer is a system of one of more compounds that act to resist changes in pH when a strong acid or base is added

What hormones have decreased release (are inhibited)?

ADH and aldosterone

What hormones have decreased release (are inhibited)?

ANP

What hormones are released?

ANP and BNP

How would you define blood acidosis or alkalosis?

Acidosis is when arterial pH drops below 7.35 and alkalosis is when arterial blood pH goes over 7.45

Once the hormones have acted, what effect does this have on blood osmolarity, volume and pressure?

Can decrease BV and BP and increase osmolarity

Once the hormones have acted, what effect does this have on blood osmolarity, volume and pressure?

Can increase BV and BP and can help you retain water

Of the chemical, respiratory & urinary buffer systems, which one is the first responder?

Chemical

Urine passes through the following structures in which order on its way to the bladder: renal pelvis, ureter, collecting duct.

Collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter

What is the major cation & anion of the ICF & ECF?

ECF is sodium and ICF is potassium

What is the effect on ECF osmolarity, volume and pressure?

Low osmolarity, high BV and BP

What is osmosis?

Movement of water from higher to lower

Can you pump water?

No

Does the micturition reflex send a signal to the brain (i.e. do you have conscious control over this reflex?)?

Not over reflex but a sphincter that you have control over

How is water moved in the body?

Osmosis

What type is hemoglobin?

Protein

Trace the path of urine from where it is formed in the collecting duct to its exit from the body. What structures does it pass through?

Renal pelvis, Ureter, bladder, urinary bladder, urethra

What hormones are released?

Rennin, ADH and sometimes aldosterone

Besides the 3 chemical buffers discussed above, what are the other 2 main physiological buffer mechanisms?

Respiratory and urinary system

Of the chemical, respiratory & urinary buffer systems, which one buffers the greatest quantity of acid or base?

Urinary

What is micturition?

Urination

What are the 3 first responder buffers that immediately affect blood pH?

bicarbonate, phosphate and protein buffer systems

Which division of the nervous system dominates in this reflex?

parasympathetic

What hormone(s) action(s) have the opposite affect of the natriuretic peptides?

Aldosterone, ADH

What is the hormone that controls potassium balance in the body?

Aldosterone

What are the hormones that control sodium balance in the body?

Aldosterone and ADH

Generally speaking (few sentences max), why is it important for the body fluids, electrolytes & pH to remain balanced?

Body fluid important to maintain blood pressure and the other two are for cellular processes

What happens if dietary gains are less than losses from the body?

Body's content of water will decrease

How does the respiratory system regulate pH?

By monitoring CO2

How does the urinary system regulate pH (in terms of H+ secretion)?

By reabsorbing/generating new HCO3 and excreting HCO3

Generally, what maintains homeostasis of ECF ions and water?

Hormones

What are natriuretic peptides (ANP & BNP)?

Hormones

What is the effect on ECF osmolarity, volume and pressure?

Increased osmolarity, decreased BV and BP

What are likely sources of excessive H+ ions that create blood acidosis?

Ingesting it, metabolic by-products and transport of co2 in blood as hco3 which produces h+

How do they function to create a high volume, low concentration urine?

Inhibiting the collecting ducts to reabsorb NA and suppressing the release of ADH, rennin and aldosterone

What ion largely determines the osmotic potential of the ECF?

Sodium

Which ion must be more tightly regulated in the ECF, Na+ or K+?

Sodium

How do natriuretic peptides affect BP?

They affect BP by causing vasodilation, inhibit aldosterone and ADH


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