A and P Chapter 12

Collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal.

Cauda equina

Identify the passageway found in the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles.

Central canal

Which passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles?

Cerebral aqueduct

Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness?

Cerebrum

Which statement about coma is true?

Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.

Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal body?

Epithalamus

Which area of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord?

Medulla oblongata

Name the membranous encasement surrounding the brain.

Meninges

The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is__________.

dominant for language.

What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?

ependymal cells

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?

executive suite

White matter has a___________.

fatty consistency.

Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex?

fiber tracts

Anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.

filum terminale

Which ventricle is located within the brain stem?

fourth ventricle

At age 79, Mrs. X is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs her logical judgment. Medical imaging techniques show that this has been most likely caused by brain damage in a ______.

frontal lobe

Motor speech (Broca's) area.

frontal lobe

Premotor cortex.

frontal lobe

Primary (somatic) motor cortex.

frontal lobe

Seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning.

frontal lobe

_________:Motor speech (Broca's) area.

frontal lobe

_________:Primary (somatic) motor cortex.

frontal lobe

What type of tissue makes up the cerebral cortex?

gray matter

Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched pair?

gray matter: myelinated axons

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.

gyri

An elevated ridge of the cortex is called a ________.

gyrus

Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in___________.

improper formation of the midbrain.

What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section?

Superior colliculus

Which of the following areas form the central core of the brain?

Thalamus

Which region acts as a relay center for sensory messages ascending to the cerebrum?

Thalamus

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain?

The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.

Gustatory (taste) area.

insula

Broca's area ________.

is considered a motor speech area

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.

premotor cortex

For our motor commands to travel toward our muscles, the signals must travel on __________.

projection fibers

Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the cerebrum to lower centers, like the spinal cord?

projection fibers

The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.

pyramids

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?

red nuclei

The light of dawn and the buzz of an alarm clock lead to wakefulness through the ________.

reticular activating system

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.

reticular formation

The inferior colliculi are part of the____________.

corpora quadrigemina.

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.

corpus callosum

The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

diencephalon

Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from__________________.

short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM).

If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.

spinal cord may be affected

Which of the following is NOT a diencephalon component?

superior colliculus

Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

The lateral sulcus separates which lobes?

temporal from parietal

Auditory area.

temporal lobe

__________:Auditory area.

temporal lobe

How many major regions are contained within the diencephalon?

3

How many regions make up the brain stem?

3 midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually results from respiratory infection secondary to compromised respiratory function. Explain why.

ALS or Lough Gehrig's disease, is a rare neuromuscular disease that involves progressive destruction of the ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of the pyramidal tract. As the disease progresses, the sufferer loses the ability to speak, swallow and breath. Because the lungs have difficulty fully expanding, secretions may develop, causing respiratory infection.

A patient suffering from memory loss, shortened attention span, disorientation, and eventual language loss is most likely suffering from ________.

Alzheimer's disease

Inferior point of termination of the spinal cord in an adult.

Conus medullaris

What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

Which of the following regions cannot be observed superficially?

Diencephalon

Which of the following is the outer layer of the meninges?

Dura mater

Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons.

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.

Which part of the diencephalon is connected to the pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following structures attach the pituitary gland to the brain?

Infundibulum

Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum?

Lateral ventricles

Which ventricles are divided by the septum pellucidum?

Lateral ventricles

Which of the following landmarks divides the cerebrum in half?

Longitudinal fissure

Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side?

Optic chiasm

__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the basal nuclei that affects the dopamine-secreting pathways.

Parkinson's disease

Which of the following glands can be observed on the ventral surface of the sheep brain?

Pituitary gland

Which of the following generalizations does NOT describe the cerebral cortex?

The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.

Which of the following landmarks separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

Transverse fissure

The ventricles are_______.

all interconnected.

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

arachnoid and pia

The diencephalon is found______________.

between the brain stem and the cerebrum.

All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the ________.

caudate nucleus

What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

central sulcus

The arbor vitae refers to ________.

cerebellar white matter

Where is the arbor vitae located?

cerebellum

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that controls conscious brain activity?

cerebral cortex

White matter is found in all of the following locations EXCEPT the ________.

cerebral cortex

Which region of the brain contains gyri and sulci?

cerebrum

Where nerves serving the upper limbs arise.

cervical enlargement

Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?

concussion

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.

lateral sulcus

The adult spinal cord ends between the____________.

level L1 and L2 of the vertebral column.

Which of the following is correctly matched?

limbic association area: sense of danger

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________.

loss of fine motor control

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.

metabolic waste such as urea

Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina?

midbrain

The brain stem consists of the ________.

midbrain, medulla, and pons

The composition of gray matter includes_________.

neuron cell bodies.

The brain is ____________.

not completely solid; it contains cavities called ventricles.

Visual area.

occipital lobe

Identify cranial nerve I.

olfactory nerve

Primary somatosensory cortex.

parietal lobe

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________.

parietal lobe

__________:Primary somatosensory cortex.

parietal lobe

During meningitis, which of the following layers is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain?

pia mater

Which of the following regions of the brain stem carries one-way communications that advise the cerebellum of voluntary motor activities initiated by the motor cortex?

pons

The foramen magnum marks___________________.

the border between the medulla oblongata and spinal cord.

The brain and spinal cord begin as an embryonic structure called__________.

the neural plate.

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in____________.

the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord.

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within __________.

the ventricles.

The meninges consist of ___ layers.

three

What is the function of white matter?

transmits messages

All three regions of the brain stem can be observed on the __________.

ventral surface of the brain.

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.

visceral sensory area