A and P Chapter 12
Collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal.
Cauda equina
Identify the passageway found in the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles.
Central canal
Which passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles?
Cerebral aqueduct
Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness?
Cerebrum
Which statement about coma is true?
Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.
Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal body?
Epithalamus
Which area of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
Name the membranous encasement surrounding the brain.
Meninges
The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is__________.
dominant for language.
What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?
ependymal cells
Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?
executive suite
White matter has a___________.
fatty consistency.
Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex?
fiber tracts
Anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.
filum terminale
Which ventricle is located within the brain stem?
fourth ventricle
At age 79, Mrs. X is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs her logical judgment. Medical imaging techniques show that this has been most likely caused by brain damage in a ______.
frontal lobe
Motor speech (Broca's) area.
frontal lobe
Premotor cortex.
frontal lobe
Primary (somatic) motor cortex.
frontal lobe
Seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning.
frontal lobe
_________:Motor speech (Broca's) area.
frontal lobe
_________:Primary (somatic) motor cortex.
frontal lobe
What type of tissue makes up the cerebral cortex?
gray matter
Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched pair?
gray matter: myelinated axons
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.
gyri
An elevated ridge of the cortex is called a ________.
gyrus
Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in___________.
improper formation of the midbrain.
What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section?
Superior colliculus
Which of the following areas form the central core of the brain?
Thalamus
Which region acts as a relay center for sensory messages ascending to the cerebrum?
Thalamus
Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain?
The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.
Gustatory (taste) area.
insula
Broca's area ________.
is considered a motor speech area
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)
Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.
premotor cortex
For our motor commands to travel toward our muscles, the signals must travel on __________.
projection fibers
Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the cerebrum to lower centers, like the spinal cord?
projection fibers
The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.
pyramids
Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?
red nuclei
The light of dawn and the buzz of an alarm clock lead to wakefulness through the ________.
reticular activating system
The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.
reticular formation
The inferior colliculi are part of the____________.
corpora quadrigemina.
The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.
corpus callosum
The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
diencephalon
Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from__________________.
short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM).
If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.
spinal cord may be affected
Which of the following is NOT a diencephalon component?
superior colliculus
Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
The lateral sulcus separates which lobes?
temporal from parietal
Auditory area.
temporal lobe
__________:Auditory area.
temporal lobe
How many major regions are contained within the diencephalon?
3
How many regions make up the brain stem?
3 midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually results from respiratory infection secondary to compromised respiratory function. Explain why.
ALS or Lough Gehrig's disease, is a rare neuromuscular disease that involves progressive destruction of the ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of the pyramidal tract. As the disease progresses, the sufferer loses the ability to speak, swallow and breath. Because the lungs have difficulty fully expanding, secretions may develop, causing respiratory infection.
A patient suffering from memory loss, shortened attention span, disorientation, and eventual language loss is most likely suffering from ________.
Alzheimer's disease
Inferior point of termination of the spinal cord in an adult.
Conus medullaris
What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
Which of the following regions cannot be observed superficially?
Diencephalon
Which of the following is the outer layer of the meninges?
Dura mater
Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons.
First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.
Which part of the diencephalon is connected to the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following structures attach the pituitary gland to the brain?
Infundibulum
Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum?
Lateral ventricles
Which ventricles are divided by the septum pellucidum?
Lateral ventricles
Which of the following landmarks divides the cerebrum in half?
Longitudinal fissure
Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side?
Optic chiasm
__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the basal nuclei that affects the dopamine-secreting pathways.
Parkinson's disease
Which of the following glands can be observed on the ventral surface of the sheep brain?
Pituitary gland
Which of the following generalizations does NOT describe the cerebral cortex?
The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.
Which of the following landmarks separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
Transverse fissure
The ventricles are_______.
all interconnected.
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
arachnoid and pia
The diencephalon is found______________.
between the brain stem and the cerebrum.
All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the ________.
caudate nucleus
What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
central sulcus
The arbor vitae refers to ________.
cerebellar white matter
Where is the arbor vitae located?
cerebellum
Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that controls conscious brain activity?
cerebral cortex
White matter is found in all of the following locations EXCEPT the ________.
cerebral cortex
Which region of the brain contains gyri and sulci?
cerebrum
Where nerves serving the upper limbs arise.
cervical enlargement
Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?
concussion
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.
lateral sulcus
The adult spinal cord ends between the____________.
level L1 and L2 of the vertebral column.
Which of the following is correctly matched?
limbic association area: sense of danger
Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________.
loss of fine motor control
The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.
metabolic waste such as urea
Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina?
midbrain
The brain stem consists of the ________.
midbrain, medulla, and pons
The composition of gray matter includes_________.
neuron cell bodies.
The brain is ____________.
not completely solid; it contains cavities called ventricles.
Visual area.
occipital lobe
Identify cranial nerve I.
olfactory nerve
Primary somatosensory cortex.
parietal lobe
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________.
parietal lobe
__________:Primary somatosensory cortex.
parietal lobe
During meningitis, which of the following layers is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain?
pia mater
Which of the following regions of the brain stem carries one-way communications that advise the cerebellum of voluntary motor activities initiated by the motor cortex?
pons
The foramen magnum marks___________________.
the border between the medulla oblongata and spinal cord.
The brain and spinal cord begin as an embryonic structure called__________.
the neural plate.
Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in____________.
the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord.
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within __________.
the ventricles.
The meninges consist of ___ layers.
three
What is the function of white matter?
transmits messages
All three regions of the brain stem can be observed on the __________.
ventral surface of the brain.
The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.
visceral sensory area