A & P Chapter 14

For the levels of ANS control, match the following: "E."

Reflexes for urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation

For the levels of ANS control, match the following: "D."

Regulates pupil size, heart, blood pressure, airflow, salivation, etc.

Match the following: "E."

Sends information to smooth muscle, glands, or cardiac muscle

Now that you've worked through the patient's situation, rank the following items in order to showing how his full bladder led to a potentially life-threatening situation. Rank from first step to last step.

1. Discomfort from a full bladder activates sympathetic system below lesion 2. Vasoconstriction in legs results 3. Increased total peripheral resistance occurs 4. Increased blood pressure results 5. Baroreceptor reflex stimulates parasympathetic system above lesion 6. Heart rate decreases 7. Cardiac output decreases

Which letter represents an area where biofeedback studies have shown that voluntary cortical control of visceral activities is possible? While this capability is untapped in most people, this would allow for self control over heart rate and blood pressure.

A

Which of the following letters represents the system that conducts the fastest impulses?

A

Match the following: "A."

A cell body found in the spinal cord

Match the following: "C."

A cell body of a parasympathetic postganglionic motor neuron

Match the following drug that mimics or inhibits adrenergic or cholinergic receptors with its clinical importance: pilocarpine

A muscarinic agent; used in the treatment of glaucoma

Match the following autonomic receptor with its neurotransmitter and action: Muscarinic receptor.

ACh; either inhibitory or stimulatory (depending on the receptor subclass)

Match the following autonomic receptor with its neurotransmitter and action: Nicotinic receptor.

ACh; stimulatory

Name the neurotransmitter released at point C is the following figure.

Acetylcholine

Name the neurotransmitter released at points A and B in the following figure.

Acetylcholine

Match the following receptor with its location: Beta 3 receptor.

Adipose tissue

Select the effector that does not receive innervation from the parasympathetic division.

Adrenal medulla

With respect to the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, which of the following is matched correctly?

All of the listed responses are matched correctly.

Match the following drug that mimics or inhibits adrenergic or cholinergic receptors with its clinical importance: Neostigmine.

An anticholinesterase; used to treat myasthenia gravis

Which of the labeled structures indicate(s) a ganglion?

B and C

Identify the incorrect matching.

Bethanechol and hypertension

Match the following drug that mimics or inhibits adrenergic or cholinergic receptors with its clinical importance: Propranolol, a sympatholytic agent.

Blocks beta receptors; decreasing blood pressure

Where are alpha 1 receptors especially abundant?

Blood vessels serving the skin, mucosae

Which letter represents the specific system that causes the skin to turn red after taking a very warm shower or sitting in a Jacuzzi?

C

Which letter represents the system that causes ejaculation of semen by the penis or reflex contractions of the vagina?

C

Which letter represents the system that innervates adipose tissue to stimulate fat breakdown?

C

Which letter represents the system that is responsible for widespread and prolonged effects that require time to "come down" from?

C

Which letter represents the system that most specifically regulates blood vessel diameter?

C

Which letter represents the system that most specifically regulates the release of renin from the kidney?

C

Which letter(s) represents the system that (1) increases the metabolic rate of body cells; (2) raises blood glucose levels; and (3) mobilizes fats for use as fuels.

C

Which of the diagrams best represents the structure of the nervous system?

C

Match the following parasympathetic action with its target organ: Decreases activity.

Heart

Match the following receptor with its target organ: Beta 1 adrenergic receptor.

Heart

For the levels of ANS control, match the following: "A."

Cerebral cortex modifies ANS activity by acting through limbic system structures

Match the following: "D."

Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

Match the following: "C."

Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in spinal cord segments T1 through L2

Match the following: "B."

Cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons

Which of the following would not occur when the parasympathetic system is active?

Cold, sweaty skin

Match the following: "B."

Contains visceral pain afferents

Match the following: "B."

Contains visceral pain afferents (visceral reflex arc)

Which letter represents the system that stimulates erection of the male penis or female clitoris during sexual excitement?

D

Match the following: "A."

Detects chemical changes, stretch, and irritation of the viscera (visceral sensory neuron)

You give Mr. T two ibuprofen for his headache and leave him in the examination room, waiting for the doctor. A little while later, you hear him shouting for help. He says his head is killing him. His face is definitely redder and his eyes more bloodshot. His blood pressure is 230/175 mm Hg, and his heart rate 40 bpm. A more experienced nurse comes into the room. "Check his feet and his catheter. If we don't find a solution there, we'll give him nitroglycerine," she says. Nitroglycerine is a vasodilator that affects both veins and arteries/arterioles. It is commonly used for hypertension (high blood pressure) emergency situations. How would dilating veins and arteries affect blood pressure?

Dilating veins reduces the stroke volume, and dilating arteries reduces the TPR.

For the levels of ANS control, match the following: "B."

Emotional responses of the limbic system to danger and stress signal the hypothalamus to activate the sympathetic system to fight-or-flight status

In some cases of trauma to the spinal cord, the normally cooperative innervation of the reproductive organs will be interrupted by disruption of the sympathetic nervous system. Unopposed parasympathetic activity in the reproductive system would result in what sign in males?

Erection of the penis

Match the following homeostatic imbalance of the ANS with its cause: Raynaud's disease.

Exaggerated vasoconstriction response to cold or emotional stress (occurs in fingers and toes)

Match the following parasympathetic action with its target organ: Stimulates muscles.

Eye

Match the following: "D."

Fibers originate in the brain (cranium) and sacral spinal cord

Match the following: "C."

Fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Match the following parasympathetic action with its target organ: Excites.

Gallbladder

Match the following: Otic ganglion.

Ganglion is located just inferior to the foramen ovale of the skull.

In which of the following structures would you expect to see afferent ganglia?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Which of the following is true with regards to localized versus diffuse effects of the autonomic nervous system?

Hormones released by the adrenal medullary cells into the blood require destruction by the liver and thus are relatively long lasting.

Which of the following effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions is true?

In blood coagulation, the parasympathetic nervous system has no effect (no innervation) and the sympathetic nervous system increases coagulation.

Which of the following effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions is true?

In the kidney, the parasympathetic nervous system has no effect (no innervation) and the sympathetic nervous system promotes renin release; causes vasoconstriction; decreases urine output.

Which of the following examples of dual innervation is incorrect?

In the liver, the parasympathetic nervous system increases glucose uptake from blood and the sympathetic nervous system stimulates release of glucose to blood.

Which of the following effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions is true?

In the lungs, the parasympathetic nervous system constricts bronchioles and the sympathetic nervous system dilates bronchioles.

Mr. T's heart rate is low, but his blood pressure remains high. How could someone develop a high blood pressure without a high heart rate?

Increased blood volume might have increased his stroke volume and increased vasoconstriction might have increased his total peripheral resistance.

Which of the following would not take place during exercise or vigorous physical activity?

Increased digestive activity to allow more glucose absorption for energy

The parasympathetic nervous system innervates which of the following targets?

Iris

Match the following: "A."

Is always stimulatory

Which of the following is true?

Most autonomic disorders reflect exaggerated or deficient controls of smooth muscle activity.

Match the following receptor with its location: Nicotinic receptor.

Neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle

Adrenal medullary cells release which of the following into the blood?

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Which of the following drugs is properly matched to its clinical application?

Nicotine and smoking cessation products

Match the following autonomic receptor with its neurotransmitter and action: Alpha 1 receptor.

Norepinephrine or epinephrine; usually excitatory

Match the following autonomic receptor with its neurotransmitter and action: Beta 2 adrenergic receptor.

Norepinephrine or epinephrine; usually inhibitory

Which of the following is correctly matched for heart muscle?

Parasympathetic decreases heart rate and sympathetic increases rate and force of the heartbeat

Which type of fibers belong to white rami communicantes?

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Match the following structure with its anatomical location or composition: Sympathetic trunk ganglia.

Segmented and paired ganglia that lie close to the spinal cord

Nicotinic agents are used in which clinical application?

Smoking cessation products

For which of the following targets is the sympathetic division the major actor, even at rest?

Smooth muscle of blood vessels

Match the following: "A."

Somatic reflex

You're doing a clinical at the local hospital when you meet Mr. T, a 23-year-old man who has suffered a complete spinal injury at the level of the third thoracic vertebra in a motorcycle accident. He's been recovering uneventfully for three days when his sister comes to visit him. She hasn't been in the room long when she comes running out, calling for help. When you go in, you see Mr. T lying unconscious in bed. His face and arms are pale, cold, and sweating, and the monitor attached to his arm blood pressure cuff says his heart rate is elevated and his blood pressure is dangerously low. His blanket is off, and his legs are flushed a bright pink and warm to the touch. You immediately lower the head of the bed, and Mr. T's blood pressure starts to rise. In a few moments he opens his eyes, and soon he's able to tell you what happened. While chatting with his sister, Mr. T asked her to raise the head of his bed. As soon as she did that, he started to feel faint and it just got worse and worse until he passed out. When Mr. T's blood pressure dropped, his heart rate increased. Which part of his autonomic system was responsible for this response? What other signs of autonomic activity did you observe in Mr. T?

Sympathetic: you can tell this system is on because you see the increased heart rate and cold, pale skin in his upper body. The increased heart rate and vasoconstriction will help to raise his BP.

Why do doctors sometimes prescribe drugs called "sympatholytic agents" to treat hypertension?

Sympatholytic agents block β receptors, decreasing blood pressure.

Which of the following is true about the parasympathetic division?

Terminal ganglia are within or close to the target organ.

Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon. Which of the following is NOT one of these three things?

The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment.

For the levels of ANS control, match the following: "C."

The boss: Allows for overall integration of the ANS

Which of the following statements is true?

The cell body of the first neuron, the preganglionic neuron, resides in the brain or spinal cord. Its axon, the preganglionic axon, synapses with the second motor neuron.

During vigorous activity, which of the following actions would be decreased?

The digestion of food

Postganglionic neurons from the pterygopalatine ganglia innervate which target?

The lacrimal gland and nasal mucosa

Which receptor pairing below is correct?

nicotinic acetylcholine

Which of the following are not served by the superior cervical ganglion?

The lungs

The postganglionic neurons from the otic ganglia innervate which target?

The parotid salivary gland

Which of the following statements is true?

The postganglionic neuron (sometimes called the ganglionic neuron), is the second motor neuron. Its cell body is in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS. Its axon, the postganglionic axon, extends to the effector organ.

Which of the following is not one of the three things that can happen to a preganglionic axon when it reaches a trunk ganglion?

The preganglionic and postganglionic axons can synapse in intramural ganglia.

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine during sympathetic stimulation. Which of the following statements describes why epinephrine would increase the sympathetic response?

The same receptors that respond to norepinephrine also respond to epinephrine, increasing the action of both.

Postganglionic neurons from the ciliary ganglia innervate which target?

The smooth muscle of the eye

Postganglionic neurons from the submandibular ganglia innervate which target?

The submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Which of the following is true regarding the sympathetic versus parasympathetic nervous systems?

The sympathetic nervous system is more complex partly because it innervates more organs.

A more experienced nurse comes into the room. "Check his feet and his catheter. If we don't find a solution there, we'll give him nitroglycerine," she says. When you take off Mr. T's shoes and socks, you see that his feet are white and cold. You also find that his urinary catheter tube is kinked, and there is very little urine in the catheter bag. When you straighten out the tube, urine immediately starts flowing down into the bag, and Mr. T's blood pressure begins to drop. Mr. T has pale, cold skin below the site of his spinal cord lesion but warm, flushed skin above it. What does this tell you about the sympathetic activity below and above the lesion?

The sympathetic system is active below the lesion, and the parasympathetic system is active above it.

Even though Mr. T's baroreceptor reflex responded to his decreased blood pressure, it did not succeed in raising his blood pressure high enough to prevent him from passing out. Why not? (Hint: remember, this client has a spinal injury that has blocked communication between the brain and the lower half of his body.)

The sympathetic system turned on in the upper half of his body, but it was not activated in the lower half, so the blood vessels in his legs remained dilated, and the blood pooled there. As a result, there wasn't enough blood in the upper half of his body to maintain blood pressure.

Match the following: "B."

The system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

Which of the splanchnic nerves terminates in the adrenal gland?

The thoracic splanchnic

Which is statement is true of the interaction between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

The two systems interact closely.

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

To stimulate skeletal muscles

Match the following: Ciliary ganglion.

Trauma to the eye may affect this ganglion, which is found in the eye orbit.

Match the following: Submandibular ganglion.

Trauma to the lower jaw may affect this ganglion, found deep to the mandibular angle.

Match the following: Pterygopalatine ganglion.

Trauma to the maxilla may affect this ganglion and alter nasal and lacrimal glands.

Which is true of nicotinic receptors?

When ACh binds to nicotinic receptors, the effect is always stimulatory.

Select the correct statement.

White rami communicantes contain preganglionic sympathetic fibers.

What differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex?

a two-neuron motor pathway

Which of the following would not be an example of autonomic neuropathy?

abnormal stretch reflex responses

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release which neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

The glossopharyngeal nerves are responsible for which of the following functions?

activating the parotid salivary glands

Which target organ is NOT affected by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

adrenal medulla

Neurons which have epinephrine as a neurotransmitter are ___ neurons.

adrenergic

Match the following receptor with its target: muscarinic receptor

all parasympathetic target organs

Neurotransmitters released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers going to the heart would cause __________.

an increase in rate and force of contraction

Which of the following target organs/systems is affected by the sympathetic nervous system but is NOT affected by the parasympathetic nervous system?

cellular metabolism

The word root ___ means exhibiting or stimulating activity

ergic

Although all body systems contribute, the stability of our internal environment depends largely on the ANS. Thus, the ANS plays a rather large role in __________.

homeostasis

Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

hypothalamus

Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, all of the following can happen except __________.

innervate the target organ

The autonomic nervous system differs from the somatic nervous system in all of the following characteristics except __________.

its classification as a branch of the motor (efferent) division of the PNS

The word root ___ means straight, upright, or vertical

ortho

Low blood pressure resulting from standing up too quickly is ___ hypotension

orthostatic

Which division of the nervous system has long preganglionic neurons?

parasympathetic

The word root ___ means before or in front of

pre

The neuron just before a ganglion is the ___ neuron

preganglionic

Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation?

resting and digesting

Select the effector that is innervated by the vagus nerves.

small intestine

The word root ___ means viscera

splanchn-

The vessels serving abdominal organs are collectively called ___ circulation

splanchnic

The division of the autonomic nervous system that puts you into "fight-or-flight" mode is the __________.

sympathetic division

Which fibers release norepinephrine (NE)?

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Which of the following release norepinephrine?

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Which set of details correctly identifies a series of events in a sympathetic pathway?

thoracolumbar origin, short preganglionic fiber, ACh release at ganglion, long postganglionic fiber, NE release at effector

About ninety percent of all preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are found in the __________.

vagus nerves

Which of the following is an effect of norepinephrine binding to beta 2 adrenergic receptors?

vasodilation