A & P Chapter 6
The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis and the end of a long bone nearest the point of attachment to the trunk is called the proximal epiphysis. a. True b. False
True
Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process. a. interstitial growth b. growth at the epiphyseal plate c. intramembranous ossification d. endochondral ossification e. appositional growth
c. Intramembranous ossification
Once formed, bone is never broken down. a. True b. False
False
Osteons are composed of concentric rings and are found in spongy bone. a. True b. False
False
Parathyroid Hormone decreases blood Calcium. a. True b. False
False
Near the center of the diaphysis, the nutrient artery and vein pass through a hole in the compact bone called the nutrient ________.
Foramen
Bones grow in width via osteoclast activity at both the periosteum and endosteum. a. True b. False
True
Calcitonin (CT) decreases blood Calcium a. True b. False
True
Which statements describe spongy bone? 1. Composed of trabeculae. 2. Made up of osteons. 3. Found in higher amounts in the diaphysis. 4. Found lining the superficial regions of all bones. 5. Arranged along lines of force that are encountered. 6. Gaps filled with marrow. 7. Maintains strength with light weight. 8. Has the same purpose structurally as compact bone. 9. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi. 10. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, and central canals.
1, 5, 6, 7, 9
Which is the proper sequence of steps in the healing of a fracture (the steps are listed below but are not in the correct sequence of events): 1 osteoblasts form trabecular bone that joins together the fractured ends of the bone and bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus 2 bone remodeling occurs and compact bone replaces the spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture site 3 fibroblasts and chondrocytes from the periosteum form the fibrocartilage callus 4 a fracture hematoma forms and bone cells in the region of the fracture die 5 phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove the dead cells and damaged tissue around the hematoma
4, 5, 3, 1, 2
Which two minerals are stored in major quantities in bone tissue?
Calcium and iodine
What is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Carbohydrate storage
which represents the correct sequence of development of bone cells? a. osteoprogenitor cells → osteocytes → osteoblasts → osteoclasts b. osteoblasts → osteoclasts → osteoprogenitor cells → osteocytes c. osteoclasts → osteoblasts → osteocytes → osteoprogenitor cells d. osteoprogenitor cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes e. osteoprogenitor cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes → osteoclasts
D. osteoprogenitor cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes
Which of the structures in the image below is a tissue that protects bone surfaces, assists in healing fractures, stabilizes the entry and exit points of blood vessels associated with bone tissue, and provides a firm attachment site for tendons and ligaments?
E. Outer layer of Muscle fiber
What tissues are part of the bone?
Epithelial tissue Nervous tissue Connective tissue
Once osteoblasts have surrounded themselves with the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, they remain inside little chambers called __________ where they carry on the metabolic functions that maintain bone tissue. At this point, the cells are called osteocytes.
Lacunae
_______ contribute(s) to the hardness of bone while ________ give(s) it flexibility.
Mineral salts; collagen and other organics
The type of bone fracture characterized by the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin is known as a(n)
Open (compound) fracture
Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification?
Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.
PTH will increase _______ activity while Calcitonin will decrease __________ activity.
Osteoclast, Osteoclast
Bone tissue stores 99% of the body's calcium. Calcium plays important roles beyond the mineralization of bones. The exchange of calcium between bone and body fluids (especially the blood) is regulated by several hormones. Which of the following is the most important hormone regulating calcium exchange?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
If collagen is removed from bone, what happens to the bone? Choose the best answer.
The bone becomes stiff and brittle.
During a needle biopsy of a person's bone marrow, maybe to test for the presence of cancer, pain is felt when the needle passes through the periosteum because it is richly supplied with nerves. a. True b. False
True
Fontanels in infant skulls allow for easy passage of the cranium through the birth canal. a. True b. False
True
In a newborn, all bone marrow is red, which means all of the infant's marrow can make blood cells. a. True b. False
True
Mesenchyme cells become osteoblasts which then become osteocytes. a. True b. False
True
Osteocytes monitor and maintain the bone matrix. Osteoclasts break down the bone matrix. a. True b. False
True
Sex Hormones can cause expansion of osteoblasts at the epiphyseal plate. a. True b. False
True
When the epiphyseal line is formed in limb bones, the individual has reached adult stature. a. True b. False
True
Which of the following vitamins are needed for calcium and phosphorous absorption?
Vitamin D
List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal epiphysis. A: Zone of calcified cartilage B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage C: Zone of proliferating cartilage D: Zone of resting cartilage
a, b, c, d
Which of the following is mismatched? a. Zone of resting cartilage - anchors the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis. b. Zone of proliferating cartilage - Large chondrocytes arranged in stacks divide to replace those dying at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. c. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - consists of rapidly dividing immature chondrocytes d. Zone of calcified cartilage - is converted into bone by endochondral ossification. e. Epiphyseal line - signifies the end of longitudinal bone growth
c. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - consists of rapidly dividing immature chondrocytes
Osteons are found in _____, while trabeculae are found in _____.
compact, spongy
The cells active in a fracture repair during the production of the hard (spongy bone) callus
osteoblasts
Which is formed from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell)?
osteoclast