A & P Chapter 6

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The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis and the end of a long bone nearest the point of attachment to the trunk is called the proximal epiphysis. a. True b. False

True

Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process. a. interstitial growth b. growth at the epiphyseal plate c. intramembranous ossification d. endochondral ossification e. appositional growth

c. Intramembranous ossification

Once formed, bone is never broken down. a. True b. False

False

Osteons are composed of concentric rings and are found in spongy bone. a. True b. False

False

Parathyroid Hormone decreases blood Calcium. a. True b. False

False

Near the center of the diaphysis, the nutrient artery and vein pass through a hole in the compact bone called the nutrient ________.

Foramen

Bones grow in width via osteoclast activity at both the periosteum and endosteum. a. True b. False

True

Calcitonin (CT) decreases blood Calcium a. True b. False

True

Which statements describe spongy bone? 1. Composed of trabeculae. 2. Made up of osteons. 3. Found in higher amounts in the diaphysis. 4. Found lining the superficial regions of all bones. 5. Arranged along lines of force that are encountered. 6. Gaps filled with marrow. 7. Maintains strength with light weight. 8. Has the same purpose structurally as compact bone. 9. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi. 10. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, and central canals.

1, 5, 6, 7, 9

Which is the proper sequence of steps in the healing of a fracture (the steps are listed below but are not in the correct sequence of events): 1 osteoblasts form trabecular bone that joins together the fractured ends of the bone and bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus 2 bone remodeling occurs and compact bone replaces the spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture site 3 fibroblasts and chondrocytes from the periosteum form the fibrocartilage callus 4 a fracture hematoma forms and bone cells in the region of the fracture die 5 phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove the dead cells and damaged tissue around the hematoma

4, 5, 3, 1, 2

Which two minerals are stored in major quantities in bone tissue?

Calcium and iodine

What is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Carbohydrate storage

which represents the correct sequence of development of bone cells? a. osteoprogenitor cells → osteocytes → osteoblasts → osteoclasts b. osteoblasts → osteoclasts → osteoprogenitor cells → osteocytes c. osteoclasts → osteoblasts → osteocytes → osteoprogenitor cells d. osteoprogenitor cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes e. osteoprogenitor cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes → osteoclasts

D. osteoprogenitor cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes

Which of the structures in the image below is a tissue that protects bone surfaces, assists in healing fractures, stabilizes the entry and exit points of blood vessels associated with bone tissue, and provides a firm attachment site for tendons and ligaments?

E. Outer layer of Muscle fiber

What tissues are part of the bone?

Epithelial tissue Nervous tissue Connective tissue

Once osteoblasts have surrounded themselves with the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, they remain inside little chambers called __________ where they carry on the metabolic functions that maintain bone tissue. At this point, the cells are called osteocytes.

Lacunae

_______ contribute(s) to the hardness of bone while ________ give(s) it flexibility.

Mineral salts; collagen and other organics

The type of bone fracture characterized by the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin is known as a(n)

Open (compound) fracture

Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification?

Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.

PTH will increase _______ activity while Calcitonin will decrease __________ activity.

Osteoclast, Osteoclast

Bone tissue stores 99% of the body's calcium. Calcium plays important roles beyond the mineralization of bones. The exchange of calcium between bone and body fluids (especially the blood) is regulated by several hormones. Which of the following is the most important hormone regulating calcium exchange?

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

If collagen is removed from bone, what happens to the bone? Choose the best answer.

The bone becomes stiff and brittle.

During a needle biopsy of a person's bone marrow, maybe to test for the presence of cancer, pain is felt when the needle passes through the periosteum because it is richly supplied with nerves. a. True b. False

True

Fontanels in infant skulls allow for easy passage of the cranium through the birth canal. a. True b. False

True

In a newborn, all bone marrow is red, which means all of the infant's marrow can make blood cells. a. True b. False

True

Mesenchyme cells become osteoblasts which then become osteocytes. a. True b. False

True

Osteocytes monitor and maintain the bone matrix. Osteoclasts break down the bone matrix. a. True b. False

True

Sex Hormones can cause expansion of osteoblasts at the epiphyseal plate. a. True b. False

True

When the epiphyseal line is formed in limb bones, the individual has reached adult stature. a. True b. False

True

Which of the following vitamins are needed for calcium and phosphorous absorption?

Vitamin D

List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal epiphysis. A: Zone of calcified cartilage B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage C: Zone of proliferating cartilage D: Zone of resting cartilage

a, b, c, d

Which of the following is mismatched? a. Zone of resting cartilage - anchors the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis. b. Zone of proliferating cartilage - Large chondrocytes arranged in stacks divide to replace those dying at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. c. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - consists of rapidly dividing immature chondrocytes d. Zone of calcified cartilage - is converted into bone by endochondral ossification. e. Epiphyseal line - signifies the end of longitudinal bone growth

c. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - consists of rapidly dividing immature chondrocytes

Osteons are found in _____, while trabeculae are found in _____.

compact, spongy

The cells active in a fracture repair during the production of the hard (spongy bone) callus

osteoblasts

Which is formed from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell)?

osteoclast


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