A & P (Exam 3)

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called

essential fatty acids.

Define beta-oxidation. (Module 23.11A)

fatty acid catabolism

Bile is stored in the

gallbladder

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

How do the absorptive and postabsorptive states maintain normal blood glucose levels? (Module 23.13C)

During the absorptive state, glucagon stimulates glucose uptake by cells and during the postabsorptive state, insulin stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose.

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes and buffers is

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

Which other systems work with the digestive system to support the cells and tissues of the human body? (Module 22.1A)

respiratory, cardiovascular, and urinary systems

What is the function of parietal cells? (Module 22.11B)

secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

Which of the following is greater? the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases.

What is the primary digestive function of the pancreas? (Module 22.23A)

to produce buffers and enzymes for the digestion of starches, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity.

Distinguish between the exocrine and endocrine secretions of the pancreas. (Module 22.18B)

The exocrine pancreas produces buffers and enzymes and the endocrine pancreas produces hormones.

Which of the following does not enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine?

cilia

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.

12 to 18

Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe elevated levels of glucocorticoids ketone bodies in his urine lowered blood pH

All of the answers are correct

________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space).

Alveolar ventilation rate

Compare catabolism and anabolism. (Module 23.1A)

Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks.

How are hypoxia and anoxia different? (Module 21.8B)

Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.

During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why? (Module 21.13B)

Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest.

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

________ creates 90 percent of the ATP normally generated.

Oxidative phosphorylation

What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?

P outside < P inside

What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"?

P outside > P inside

What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced? (Module 21.7C)

The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces.

Which of the following is not true of parietal cells?

They release bicarbonate into the lumen of gastric glands.

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

Tidal volume

At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?

across the respiratory membrane

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

alveoli

Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur? (Module 21.1A)

alveoli

Pancreatic endocrine cells secrete all of the following EXCEPT

amylase

An intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile is

cholecystokinin

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin

Gastrin secretion is associated with

decreased gastric acid production.

The order of the small intestine segments, from proximal to distal, is

duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

When and how do ketone bodies form? (Module 23.13B)

during the postabsorptive state when lipids and amino acids are broken down by the liver

An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is

gastrin

The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach is

gastrin

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as

hypoxia.

Where does most nutrient absorption occur? (Module 23.8B)

in the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

metabolism

The gastroileal reflex

moves some chyme to the colon.

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the

mucus escalator.

What is the function of the salivary glands? (Module 22.18A)

produce mucin and enzymes

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what?

pyruvate

Does a high-fat meal raise or lower the level of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the blood? (Module 22.14C)

raise

Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange?

respiratory

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

simple squamous epithelium.