A & P II: Chapter 24: Urinary System

Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron? Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra Renal pelvis, calyx, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra Renal pelvis, calyx, urethra, ureter, urinary bladder Renal pelvis, calyx, urinary bladder, ureter, urethra

Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

The first capillary bed associated with the nephron: adjusts pH. forms urine. reverses the flow of blood. reabsorbs nutrients. filters blood.

filters blood.

Blood vessels, nerves, and the renal pelvis enter/exit the kidney at the corticomedullary junction. ureter. hilum. renal sinus.

hilum

Which are examples of substances that are freely filtered? Check all that apply. Water Glucose Amino acids Vitamins B and C

all

The junction of the renal medulla and renal cortex is called the: corticomedullary junction. renal pyramid. major calyces. renal papilla.

corticomedullary junction.

Each nephron drains into a collecting duct which, in turn, drains into a collecting tubule. True False

False

What percentage of glomerular filtrate becomes urine? 1% 25% 40% 10%

1%

What are the pressures that oppose glomerular hydrostatic pressure to help determine net filtration pressure? Check all that apply. Limited filtration Blood colloid osmotic pressure Mean arterial pressure Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Blood colloid osmotic pressure Capsular hydrostatic pressure

What are the functions of the macula densa? Check all that apply. Synthesize and store renin Contract when stimulated by stretch Detect changes in the sodium chloride concentration within the DCT Signaling granular cells to release renin

Detect changes in the sodium chloride concentration within the DCT Signaling granular cells to release renin

Each kidney typically has eight to fifteen major calyces and two to three minor calyces. True False

False

Click and drag each word from the left to accurately complete the sentences on the right. Not all terms will be used.

Each nephron is composed of two parts: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. 1 The renal corpuscle is composed of a glomerulus and a Bowman'scapsule. 2 This area is where the filtrate is formed from the plasma. 3 Leading away from the corpuscle is the renal tubule, which consists of three regions. 4 The regions include the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the loop of Henle. 5

Explain the order of kidney structures (and thus urine flow) leaving the renal papilla until reaching the urinary bladder. 2 Major calyces 3 Renal pelvis 4 Ureter 1 Minor calyces

Minor calyces - Major calyces - Renal pelvis - Ureter

The tubuloglomerular mechanism of renal autoregulation involves the macula densa of the DCT sensing of: NaCl. ANP. glucose. MAP.

NaCl

Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.

Negatively charged proteoglycans found in the basement membrane prevent most proteins in the blood from exiting the glomerular capillaries. Filtrations slits are formed by podocytes. Small openings in the capillary endothelium called fenestrations are too small to allow cells to leave the glomerulus. The volume of blood that enters the afferent arteriole is not equal to the volume of blood that travels through the efferent arteriole due to the process termed glomerular filtration. A kidney infection or injury that results in damage to the filtration membrane may result in proteinuria (protein in the urine).

What is the correct sequence for parts of the renal tubule? Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop Proximal convoluted tubule, vasa recta, distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

Which of the effects listed below are related to the stimulation of ANP? Check all that apply. Relaxes afferent arteriole Decrease in GFR Inhibits the release of renin from the granular cells Relaxation of the mesangial cells

Relaxes afferent arteriole Inhibits the release of renin from the granular cells Relaxation of the mesangial cells

What is the correct branching sequence of arteries in the kidney? Segmental artery, renal arteries, interlobar arteries Renal artery, segmental artery, afferent arteriole Renal artery, segmental arteries, pyramidal arteries Renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries

Renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries

What are the nerve components of the renal plexus? Check all that apply. Sympathetic nerves from the T10-T12 segments of the spinal cord Parasympathetic nerves from CN X (vagus nerve) Parasympathetic nerves from CN IX Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve.

Sympathetic nerves from the T10-T12 segments of the spinal cord Parasympathetic nerves from CN X (vagus nerve) Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve.

What is the collective name for the layers of muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder? The ureteral muscles The detrusor muscle The sphincter muscles The muscularis

The detrusor muscle

Click and drag the words or phrases on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Then click and drag the sentences to arrange them in order so that they accurately describe the flow of fluid through the renal tubules. Not all terms will be used.

The glomerular capsule leads into the proximal convoluted tubule, the longest and most coiled of the four regions of the renal tubule. 1 From there, the filtrate flows into the descending limb of the nephron loop, the first part of the U-shaped portion of the tubule found mostly in the medulla. 2 Next, the flitrate makes a 180 degree turn into the ascending limb, returning to the renal cortex. 3 The filtrate is funnelled into the distal convoluted tubule, the end of the nephron. 4 The collecting duct receives the filtrate from the DCTs of several nephrons and funnels it toward the medullary pyramid

Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. Not all terms will be used.

The renal corpuscle consists of a capillary called the glomerulus and a capsule of epithelial cells. A virus that specifically attacks podocytes would damage the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule . Glomerular filtrate collects in the capsular space before entering the first portion of the renal tubule, called the proximal tubule. A blockage in the distal tubule would prevent filtrate from reaching the collecting duct. If an electron micrograph of a nephron segment revealed very highly developed microvilli, then you are most likely looking at cells of the proximal tubule. Nephrons that have very long loops are classified as juxtamedullary nephrons.

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, and then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order. Not all terms will be used.

There are four major stages in the formation of urine. 1 The first stage involves creating a filtrate in the glomerulus. 2 Second, the filtrate flows through the tubules and useful substances are reabsorbed. 3 Waste products will then be secreted by the tubules. 4 The last stage is water conservation occuring in the renal tubule. 5

Which of the following is true concerning the location of the kidneys? The right kidney is usually higher than the left one. They are located behind the parietal peritoneum. Their upper borders are about at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. They are against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity.

They are located behind the parietal peritoneum.

Sympathetic stimulation is a renal mechanism to conserve fluid under stressful conditions such as hemorrhaging or extensive exertion (e.g., running a marathon). True False

True

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a structure of the nephron where the DCT contacts the afferent arteriole. True False

True

The renal cortex is more superficial than the renal medulla. True False

True

Which of the following is one of the processes in urine formation? Tubular secretion Urine synthesis Glomerular reabsorption Filtration from afferent arteriole

Tubular secretion

Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by vasodilation of the afferent arteriole only. vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole only. both vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.

both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.

Tubular secretion involves the movement of substances: from proximal convoluted tubule to distal convoluted tubule. from capillary blood to tubular fluid. from proximal convoluted tubule to glomerulus. from tubular fluid to capillary blood.

from capillary blood to tubular fluid.

An adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption is: secreting enzymes that activate absorption of substances. thin walls. microscopic projections called microvilli. microscopic invaginations. rugae folds that increase surface area.

microscopic projections called microvilli.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus: adjusts blood flow into the vasa recta. monitors blood sodium concentration and adjusts glomerular filtration volume. produces a concentrated urine. helps reabsorb water from the collecting ducts.

monitors blood sodium concentration and adjusts glomerular filtration volume

The functional filtration unit of the kidney is the renal corpuscle. nephron. glomerulus. vasa recta.

nephron.

Urine is formed in the: major calyces. nephron. capsular space. vasa recta.

nephron.

The organs of the urinary system include paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. a kidney, a ureter, and paired bladders and urethras. the penis, the vagina, the uterus, and the hilum. the renal cortex, renal pelvis, and renal medulla. the glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.

paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder, and a urethra.

Most of the water in tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the: collecting tubule. proximal convoluted tubule. nephron loop. distal convoluted tubule.

proximal convoluted tubule

The main functions of the urinary system are: regulation of water balance and blood glucose level. regulation of water and electrolyte balance, only. removal of waste and storage of nutrients. removal of waste and regulation of water and electrolyte balance.

removal of waste and regulation of water and electrolyte balance.

The two components of a nephron are the: glomerulus and renal tubule. renal corpuscle and renal tubule. renal tubule and vasa recta. renal corpuscle and glomerulus

renal corpuscle and renal tubule.

The major calyces merge to form a single, funnel-shaped renal medulla. renal cortex. renal pyramid. renal pelvis.

renal pelvis.

Blood vessels and the renal calyces are located in the renal capsule. renal hilum. renal sinus. renal pelvis.

renal sinus

Cortical nephrons can be distinguished from juxtamedullary nephrons by: their filtration rate. whether they drain into a collecting duct or directly into the renal pelvis. their location within the renal cortex. the size of their renal corpuscle.

their location within the renal cortex

Filtration occurs in the renal corpuscle. True False

true

One of the kidneys' functions is the regulation of the body's acid-base balance. True False

true

Urine is propelled along the ureters by peristaltic waves of muscular contractions. True False

true