A & P Study Guide Q's Chapter 9

What would happen if an individual had to undergo arthroplasty?

A person who has/had an arthroplasty, is someone who has undergone a surgery to replace a joint. Arthroplasy uses artificial joints, made most commonly of titanium our stainless steel, to replace the original. With age many components can cause decreased strength, density, and cause pain within these joints. Arthritis, osteoporosis, fracture, just to name a few. Preforming arthroplasty to the hip, knee, ankle or shoulder can cause a significant increase of quality of life for many.

How could you tell the difference between a symphysis and a synchondrosis?

Both are amphiarthroses; however, sychondroses are made with hyaline cartilage and can be found in epiphyseal plates. Sympheses are made with fibrocartilage and are found in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphesis.

How could you tell if an articulation was a condylar or saddle joint?

Both are synovial joints. Saddle joints are when two saddle-shaped bones articulate with each other, one nesting inside the other. They are biaxial, meaning they can move in two planes, but not the third. One example is the metacarpal I and the trapezium. Condyloid joints are also biaxial, but an oval convex surface on one bone articulates with an oval concave surface on another. A good example are the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones.

_______Influence of preventing collagen production on the formation of a bony joint.

Decrease. Collagen is the main organic compound found in bone, bony joints exist where bone spans the gap between two bones forming one bone. Examples include the adult sacrum, hip, and coccyx.

_______ Influence of changing a hinge joint to a pivot joint on the number of planes the distal joint moves through.

No Change. Both the hinge joint and pivot joint are uniaxial, which means that that they are able to move through one plane. Although the amount of planes wouldn't change, the range of motion would. An example of a hinge joint is the elbow or knee joint. These joints are able to perform flexion and extension. An example of a pivot joint is the radial and ulnar joint. This joint is able to perform supination and pronation.

_______Influence of removing synovial fluid from a cartilaginous joint on the probability of proper joint function.

No Change. Cartilaginous joints have cartilage tissue in space between bones. Synovial joints have synovial fluid essential to reduce friction among joints for smoother movement, but to also feed articular cartilage oxygen.

__________Influence of removing periodontal ligaments on the ability to run.

No change. Periodontal ligaments are Gomphoses that connect a tooth to its socket. These ligaments have nothing to do with gross movement.

What would happen if an individual with rheumatoid arthritis took immune suppression drugs?

Rheumatoid arthritis is chronic inflammation affecting joints. Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the immune system starts attacking synovial membranes. Currently there is no cure for this disease but it can be treated and its effects slowed by using immune suppression drugs. One of the complications of immunosuppression is that the immune system has a reduction in its efficiency.

What is the physiological significance of joints acting as levers?

Since levers provide mechanical advantages by increasing the amount of work output without increasing the amount of energy expended, the physiological significance of a joint acting as a lever is that when the joint becomes a fulcrum, the particular long bone associated with that joint will be able to produce more work with less energy expended, or in other words, the long bones move with less effort. These joints can increase the amount of output force or aid in movement of further distances over shorter amounts of time.

What is the physiologic significance of being double jointed?

Technically there is no such thing as being double jointed. The individuals that are "double jointed" just have more flexible ligaments, tendons or joint capsules in their joints leading to greater range of motion.

________ Influence of osteoarthritis on the development of bone spurs.

Increase. Osteoarthritis is a condition result from years of joint wear-and tear. Articular cartilage can be softened and degenerated, synovial fluid production becomes limited, the new stressed cause bone spurs form on the exposed bone, which cause pain.

_______ Influence of inefficient bone remodeling on the time needed to heal a bone fracture.

Increase. When a bone fracture heals, first hematoma forms, then fibrocartilage callus (soft callus) forms, then bony callus (hard callus) forms, at last, bone remodel happens, which is the last step of a fracture healing where spongy bone is remodeled into compact bone. Inefficient bone remodeling will increase the time needed for fracture healing.

What would happen if the hyaline cartilage in synchondroses turned to bone in an epiphyseal plate?

Synchondrosis is a cartilaginous joint in which uses hyaline cartilage as connecting material. Synchondrosis is an immovable joint, when the growth plates ceases, bone replaces haylin cartilage thus making synchondrosis into a synostosis, which is a boney joint.

How can you tell if a joint was a ball & socket, without using invasive techniques?

A ball and socket joint, like the hips and shoulders is created by a smooth hemispherical head on one bone articulating with a cup like depression on another bone. Without using invasisve techniques, a ball and socket joint has the ability to move through all three planes, making it a triaxial joint. It can move through the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes. Ball and socket joints also have the ability to circumduct a full 360 degrees; other joints can circumduct (wrist) as well.

How could you tell if you were observing an articulation?

Articulation is any point at which bones meet, it could be synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses. It can also be bony joints, fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints.

What would happen if we replaced a ball and socket joint with a hinge joint?

Ball joints allow for complete rotation and circumduction, such joints are triaxial allowing: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and rotation. This allows lifting and movement in a wide range. Hinge joints are only uniaxial allowing motion around a single axis permitting only flexion and extension. This allows lifting and movement only in one direction 90 degrees or less, such as knees, elbows and ankles. Hinge joints in place of socket joints would allow for much limited range of motion of the human body, our mobility, flexibility and utility would be far less and we would be much more prone to injury of our joints because, stresses outside the uniaxial motion could not be accommodated without joint injury.

What is the physiologic significance of bursae?

Brusae are sac like extensions of the joint cavity filled with synovial fluid. This sac, helps cushions and aids in movement from muscles, tendons that pass over bone, and or between bone and skin. Synovial fluid is a fluid that helps reduce the amount of friction in a joint cavity separated by bones

What would happen if a ball-and socket joint was replaced with a hinge joint?

By definition, a ball-and socket joint contains a smooth hemispherical head on one bone articulates with a cup like depression on another bone. A hinge joint contains a linear convex surface on one bone articulates with a concave depression on another bone. The joint will decrease the moving ability from triaxial to uniaxial.

How could you tell if you were observing a plane joint?

Plane joints are joints where the flat surfaces of the bones articulate with each other in gliding movements. In the tarsal joint, the navicular bone articulates with the 2nd and 3rd cuneiform. They are NOT uniaxial, but can be biaxial or triaxial.

What would happen if a diarthrosis became a synarthrosis?

Since a synarthrosis is an immovable joint and a diarthrosis is a freely movable joint like the knee joint, the diarthrosis would become immovable. It would also go from being self lubricated, friction-less, and creating precise movements for moving heavy loads and absorbing compression to providing support and protection to organs of the body such like sutures in the skull.

What is the physiological significance of sutures?

Sutures are non movable fibrous joints located between adult's cranial bones that provide protection to the brain. They are significant during birth and brain growth.