A History of Western Society, Chapter 15-Lowell High School

Gustavus Adolphus

(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles.

Defenestration of Prague

(1618) The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Charles II of Spain

(ES) (r. 1661-1700) The physically and mentally deformed king of Spain who, upon his death, caused the War of Spanish Succession.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.

When was the Protestant union formed?

1608

When was the Catholic League formes?

1609

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Albert von Wallenstein

A catholic general appointed by Ferdinand II. He pillaged many lands along the countryside of bohemia, and was apart of the Danish phase of the 30 years war and the imperial army.

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.

The English Civil War (1642-1649)

A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy.

Petition of Right (1628)

A document drawn up by Parliament's House of Commons listing grievances against King Charles I and extending Parliament's powers while limiting the king's. It gave Parliament authority over taxation, declared that free citizens could not be arrested without cause, declared that soldiers could not be quartered in private homes without compensation, and said that martial law cannot be declared during peacetime.

Constitutionalism

A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subjects or citizens on the other hand; could include constitutional monarchies or republics.

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Republicanism

A form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives.

The Sun King

A nickname for Louis xiv that captures the magnificence of his court and of the Palace of Versailles, which he built. Louis himself adopted the sun as his emblem.

Peace of Utrecht

A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire.

Fronde

A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation.

Grenadiers

A specialized sector of the Prussian army composed of men over 6' tall who were specially trained and conscripted to look imposing.

Mercantilism

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver.

Millet System

A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities, with each millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders.

Royal Council of France

A trusted group of new nobility and upper-middle-class Louis XIV used to advise him and carry out the work traditionally done by the old nobility.

Divine Right of Kings

AbThe doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent

The Triennial Act

An Act of Parliament reluctantly agreed to by Charles I (who said it reduced his sovereign powers) which stated that there had to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every three years.

Act of Settlement 1701

An act passed by the Parliament of England that made Electress Sophia of Hanover (the mother of George I) next in line to the thrones of England and Ireland

Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Intendants

An official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers

William Laud (1573-1645)

Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England. He persecuted Puritans and forbade them from preaching or publishing. He tried to establish the Church of England in Scotland but was later executed by Parliament.

Whigs

Believed in Parliamentary Supremacy, and opposed any Catholic Monarch

Tories

Believed in a hereditary monarchy, and wanted King James despite his Catholic Faith.

What were the staples of peasants diets?

Bread, soup, and on rare occasions, pork.

Swedish Phase (1630-1635)

Catholic regent of France Cardinal Richelieu offered subsidies to encourage Lutheran Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus to enter the war and check Hapsburg power. With decisive victories over Hapsburg forces, Adolphus and Wallenstein had both died. Protestant states of Germany made peace with the emperor.

The Test Act (1673)

Charles II's Parliament said that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices.

1725

Death of Peter the Great

Edict of Restitution (1629)

Document issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629 that ordered that all Catholic land taken by the Protestants since 1522 must be returned.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

English political philosopher who wrote Leviathan. Viewed human beings as naturally self-centered and prone to violence. Feared the dangers of anarchy more than the dangers of tyranny. Argued that monarchs have absolute and unlimited political authority.

French King Henry IV (r. 1589-1610)

Founded the Bourbon Dynasty, kept France at peace, granted Edict of Nantes, and was assassinated by Catholic Extremists.

Fredrick William's Trade off

Fredrick William agreed to allow Junkers to have complete control over their peasants in return for collecting taxes from the nobles.

Cossacks

Free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the sixteenth century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state.

Parlements of France

French noble councils that regulated the legislation of the king and were controlled by the nobles. They greatly reduced the absolute power of the king, and the king was constantly at odds with them and even replaced the parlements with Maupeaou parlements that ultimately failed in an attempt to gain more power over the nobles.

Battle of White Mountain

Great Catholic victory in the Bohemian phase which dealt a crushing blow to Fredrick V's power.

Battle of Lutzen (1632)

Gustavus Adolphus was fatally wounded

King Louis XIII of France

He centralized power in France, which made him unpopular with the aristocracy, and involved France in the 30 year's war.

George I of England

He was a German prince who inherited the English throne despite speaking no English. He relied on Sir Robert Walpole, his Prime Minister, to handle much of the nation's politics.

Fredrick William I of Prussia

He was known as the "soldier king". Although he was ruthless, Frederick was the most talented reformer produced by the Hohenzollern family. Under him, Prussia built the best in Europe and transformed Prussia into a modern military state. He was very attached to the military life. His power hunger brought him into considerable conflict with the Junkers. In the end, he enlisted them in the army. Their army dominated Europe and won many battles. Paradoxically, Prussia was almost always at peace.

Marquis de Louvois

He was the minister of the military when Louis XIV ruled and created one of the most powerful armies which was highly organized. He also created many more ranks in the armies, and he got rid of the idea of that you had to be part of a certain family to fight.

1610

Henry IV assassinated; Louis XIII made king in France

Ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces (1578-1637)

Michael Romanov

In 1613 an assembly of nobles chose him as the new czar. For the next 300 years his family ruled in Russia (1613-1633)

the Table of Ranks

Instituted by Peter the Great in 1722 to create opportunities for non-nobles to serve the state and join the nobility. There were 14 levels. Each official was required to begin at level one and work his way up. When a non-noble reached the eighth rank, he became a noble.

Peace of Nystad (1721)

It confirmed the Russian conquest of Estonia, Livonia, and part of Finland. Russia possessed ice-free ports and permanent influence in European affairs.

Trew Law of Free Monarchies (1598)

James I's book advocating the divine right of kings

Test Act

Legislation, passed by the English Parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the Anglican Church by stripping Puritans, Catholics, and other dissenters of the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and teach at or attend the universities.

1682

Louis XIV moves court to Versailles

1685

Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes

Colbert's policies

Make France self-sufficient by creating more industry, high import taxes, and more colonies

Puritans

Members of a sixteenth- and seventeenth-century reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements, like bishops, elaborate ceremonials, and wedding rings.

Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

Minister to Louis XIII. His three-point plan: 1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants. He helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy. Extended use of Intendants, laid siege to the Protestant stronghold of La Rochelle.

The Gunpowder Plot

Occurred in 1605 when Guy Fawkes led a group of men to blow up Parliament when the protestant King and the rest of the protestants Parliament members were inside. One of the plot members warned his relative inside, and the bombs whee discovered in the basement of Parliament. Guy Fawkes was arrested and tortured for names.

The Long Parliament (1640-1660)

Parliament, which did not trust Charles I and resisted Charles's religious innovations, enacted legislation that limited the power of the monarch and made government without Parliament impossible. It established that it could not be dissolved without its own consent. Parliament also had to meet a minimum of once every three years. Ship money was abolished. Leaders of persecution of Puritans had to be tried and executed. The Star Chamber was abolished. Common law courts were supreme to king's courts. It also refused funds to raise an army to defeat Irish revolts. Puritans came to represent the majority in Parliament.

Peace of Prague (1635)

Peace agreement among the Germans to end the fighting in the Thirty Years' War, not agreed to by everyone

1781 Russia

Peter I's son, Alexei is imprisoned for treason and tortured until his death a few days later.

Hohenzollern Dynasty

Powerful German Family of Northern Germany situated in Prussia. Will become rivals of the Hapsburgs for supremacy in central Europe. Ruled Brandenburg since 1417; acquired the duchy of Cleves, as well the countries that border Brandenburg. East Prussia lay inside Poland and outside the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; Frederick William establishes these areas into a modern style. This dynasty did not possess a crown.

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

Ruled from 1533-1584; Was responsible for the death of thousands, including his own son; Created the Oprichnina in order to destroy the Boyars; Believed in a Strong Centralized Government; expanded mostly south.

Politiques

Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.

Theologian

Rulers who put religious beliefs above political necessities. For example, Bloody Mary, Phillip II of Spain, and Henry V.

"L'etat, c'est moi!" // "I am the state!"

Said by Louis XIV to illustrate his belief in Absolutism

Fredrick William the Great Elector

Served as the Elector of Brandenburg Prussia from 1640-1655, he would immensely strengthen Prussian military forces, and do so by way of military force, avoiding contact with the nobles.

Charles I of England (1625-1649)

Son of King James I; Charles also believed in the divine right of Kings and wanted to force his religious policies among the Puritans. The Puritans saw this as the return of Catholic practices and fled to America instead. He was executed by Oliver Cromwell.

Protectorate

The English military dictatorship (1653-1658) established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

The bloodless coup in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) - both Protestants - replaced James II to reign jointly. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since.

Janissary Corps

The core of the sultan's army, composed of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire; after 1683 it became a volunteer force.

Stadholder

The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange.

Boyars

The highest-ranking members of the Russian nobility.

Patriarch of Russian Orthodox Church

The leader of the Russian Orthodox clergy and church until 1721, when Peter the Great removed the position.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Year's War in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe.

Junkers

The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state.

The Dutch Estates General

The representative body in the Netherlands that handled matters of foreign affairs, including war. Each Province was represented.

Sultan

The ruler of the Ottoman Empire; he owned all the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves.

Sofia Romanov

The sister of Peter the Great and Ivan IV, she became power hungry and tried to overthrow her brothers, whom she was advising. She failed and was locked in a convent by her brother, Peter, for the rest of her life.

George II of England (1727-1760)

The son of George I, he spent much of his time acting as an Englishman and disagreed with his father on his "hands-off" policies.

James I of England

The son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, he succeeded the childless Elizabeth as James I of England. He was not popular and was an outsider. He inherited a large royal debt and a divided church.

Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)

The successor of Cardinal Richelieu. He ran the government while Louis XIV was still a child. His bad attempts to increase royal revenue and the state lead to the Fronde.

Fredrick I of Prussia (r. 1688-1713)

The successor of Fredrick William the Great Elector, he was titled as a King by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold ! for supporting him in the War of Spanish Succession in 1701.

Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659)

The treaty that ended fighting between France and Spain that continued after the Thirty Years' War; the treaty marked the end of Spain's status as a major European power.

Ship Money

There was always an English tax on port towns which required each town to pay for a mercenary vessel to protect it. Under Charles I, this was expanded so that inland towns paid as if they were also port towns so Charles got the money. It was deeply resented by the inland towns it affected.

Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)

This is the first phase of The Thirty Years' War. It began in a part of what is now present day Germany when a group of Protestant nobles rebelled against a Catholic king that was trying to make Catholicism the official religion in the region. Catholic officials were thrown out of a window on a 50 drop by Protestants. They survived by falling into a pile of dung. This sparked the rebellion that started the war.

Danish Phase (1625-1629)

This is the second phase of the Thirty Years War. The king of Denmark, Christian IV, invaded Germany in an attempt to help his fellow Protestants against the Catholics, but also to try and get control over more territory and gain more power. It would see Denmark lose and no longer be a major power in the Baltic region.

French Phase (1635-1648)

This phase was prompted by Richelieu's concerned that the Habsburgs would rebound after the death of the status Adolphus. Richelieu declared war on Spain and sent military as well as financial assistance. Finally, in October 1648 peace was achieved.

James II of England (1685-1688)

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

Leviathan (1651)

Thomas Hobbes published this work stating that people needed a ruler.

1703

Tsar Peter the Great of Russia founds St. Petersburg

The Great Northern War (1700-1721)

War of territorial expansion on the Baltic Sea by Russia against the Sweden of Charles XII; Russian victory under Peter the Great led to territorial gain along the Baltic on which St. Petersburg would be built and from which Russia hoped to become a "western" mercantile power.

Exclusion Crisis (1678)

Was a period between 1679 and 1681 where the Whigs tried to exclude James II, brother of Charles II, from the line of succession to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland

Charles II of England (1660-1685)

Was brought back to England after the rule of Oliver Cromwell, restored the English monarchy during a period known as the "restoration".

King Christian IV of Denmark

Was the king of Denmark during the 30 Years War; Denmark was defeated by the Holy Roman Empire

Second Treatise of Civil Government

Written by John Locke, it contains the blueprint principles found in the Declaration of Independence. Life, Liberty, and Property