A Volatile History

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Henry Cavendish

discovered hydrogen

William Ramsey

discovered noble gases (Ne, Kr, Xe) ; dissolving clayvite

Joseph Priestly

discovered oxygen ('dephlogisticated air')

Hennig Brand

discovered phosphorus

Humphry Davy

discovered potassium ; electricity ; first battery

Henri Becquerel

discovered radioactivity

Heinrich Diesbach

discovered synthetic paint (Prussian blue + Chrome yellow = Brunswick green)

Ernest Rutherford

discovered the nucleus ; empty space with with tiny electrons, orbiting randomly in a dense, positive NUCLEUS

Ancient Greek's belief

earth, fire, water, air as elements

Neils Bohr

electrons orbited in fixed shells around the nucleus (each shell with a set number of electrons)

Why Cavendish's investigation was important

fire + H > pop + dew (h20) ; debunked that h20 is an element but a COMPOUND

GSI Helm-Holtz Center

for heavy ion research ; mission is to reach level of chemistry

how Berzelius discovered silicon

from making his own glass equipment for measuring AWs

Cyclotron

gave rise to synchroton > huge magnets

Lavoisier's experiment 2

heated mercury & mercury oxide separately > gas released was equal

Friedrich Kekule

hit the same idea with Couper while in a bus (his idea won)

Archibald Scott Couper & Charles-Adolphe

idea of bonds and how elements join with each other (diamonds & graphite)

Smithson Tennant

investigating carbon (C > diamond)

Friedrich Wohler

isomers ; AgCNO as harmless

Becquerel's experiment

left uranium salts overnight > saw dark shadows > URANIUM

Davy's experiment

melt the potash > carbon electrodes > split potash > electric current > unpredictable chemical rxn

Priestly's expt

mercuric oxide > add mercury > upside down to the mercuric bath > mercury levels went down > gas produced by mercuric oxide were pushing mercury down > put a splint > fire

bucket chemistry

mixing elements to create new compounds

Stannislao Cannizzano

who did Mendeleev came with to Int'l Chemistry Conference

Cavendish's experiment

zinc in acid > collected bubbles > set fire > pop!

Atomic Theory of Matter

- same proportion - unique atomic weight

mid-1700s

3 airs (common air, CO2, H)

Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner

Arranged the elements into triads (by chemical compositions & rxns)

John Dalton

Atomic theory of matter

Marie Curie

Discovered radium and polonium

Antoine Lavoisier

Father of Chemistry ; defined ELEMENT ; debunked fire wasn't an element

John Newlands

Law of Octaves (when arranged by AW)

Maria Mendeleev

Mendeleev's mother ; believed in her son's intelligence

Lise Meitner

Nuclear fission occurs when an atom splits in half, and creates a chain reaction that releases energy

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

accurately determined the atomic masses of all 50 known elements ; discovered SILICON, SELENIUM, THORIUM, CERIUM,

Otto Han

actually discovered Barium (U split in 2)

Ernest Rutherford

atom was an empty space with e- buzzing around ; alpha particles

Henry Moseley

atomic number (nucleus)

Paracels

believed in Tri a Prima

Enrico Fermi

big idea of creating element > pounded the nucleus > claimed he discovered smth heavier than U (xxx)

how prussian blue is mad

blood + potash

pursuit of gold

breakthrough for chemistry

How Mendeleev arranged periodic table

by atomic weight & chemical properties

urine brainwave

can transform urine to gold by heating distilled urine > collected air is combustible

icy noctiluca

cold nightlight

Curie's expt

collected uranium ore > pitchblende > tested with electrometer

xray spectrometer experiment

copper inside (has a high radiation source) ; nucleus is +, everything is -

Edwin McMillan & Philip Abelson

created NEPTUNIUM

Johann Becher

destructive power of fire is caused by PHLOGISTON (odor/color/taste/weight-less)

Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff

discovered GALIUM (68), RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM

Pierre Janssen

discovered HELIUM > utilizing eclipse by using spectroscope to identify elements from the sun

Wallace Crothers

discovered NYLON (6 C atoms)

James Chadwick

neutrons + protons = nucleus

Justus von Liebig

obsessed with explosives ; AgCNO as explosive (similar to silver fulminate)

Dmitri Mendeleev

periodic table of elements ; Vgas = MOLECULESgas

mercury

product of heating cinnabar

Tri a Prima

salt, sulphur, mercury

Thomas Midgley Jr.

synthesized the first chlorofluorocarbons (tetra-ethyl lead)

Organic Chemistry

the chemistry of carbon compounds

Robert Boyle

the sceptical chymist ; experimented with Brand's discovery of phosphorus (rubbing sulphur with phosphorus > match)

alchemy

turning base metals into gold

Bunsen & Kirchoff's experiment

used a spectroscope > 1 prism & 2 telescopes > took a compound with Na then heated it up > colors are splitted up (2 orange lines)

isomers

way elements were connected ; diff. compounds = diff. properties

Lavoisier's experiment 1

weighed tin > heated it > weighed more (element absorbed some kind of air)


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