A Volatile History
Henry Cavendish
discovered hydrogen
William Ramsey
discovered noble gases (Ne, Kr, Xe) ; dissolving clayvite
Joseph Priestly
discovered oxygen ('dephlogisticated air')
Hennig Brand
discovered phosphorus
Humphry Davy
discovered potassium ; electricity ; first battery
Henri Becquerel
discovered radioactivity
Heinrich Diesbach
discovered synthetic paint (Prussian blue + Chrome yellow = Brunswick green)
Ernest Rutherford
discovered the nucleus ; empty space with with tiny electrons, orbiting randomly in a dense, positive NUCLEUS
Ancient Greek's belief
earth, fire, water, air as elements
Neils Bohr
electrons orbited in fixed shells around the nucleus (each shell with a set number of electrons)
Why Cavendish's investigation was important
fire + H > pop + dew (h20) ; debunked that h20 is an element but a COMPOUND
GSI Helm-Holtz Center
for heavy ion research ; mission is to reach level of chemistry
how Berzelius discovered silicon
from making his own glass equipment for measuring AWs
Cyclotron
gave rise to synchroton > huge magnets
Lavoisier's experiment 2
heated mercury & mercury oxide separately > gas released was equal
Friedrich Kekule
hit the same idea with Couper while in a bus (his idea won)
Archibald Scott Couper & Charles-Adolphe
idea of bonds and how elements join with each other (diamonds & graphite)
Smithson Tennant
investigating carbon (C > diamond)
Friedrich Wohler
isomers ; AgCNO as harmless
Becquerel's experiment
left uranium salts overnight > saw dark shadows > URANIUM
Davy's experiment
melt the potash > carbon electrodes > split potash > electric current > unpredictable chemical rxn
Priestly's expt
mercuric oxide > add mercury > upside down to the mercuric bath > mercury levels went down > gas produced by mercuric oxide were pushing mercury down > put a splint > fire
bucket chemistry
mixing elements to create new compounds
Stannislao Cannizzano
who did Mendeleev came with to Int'l Chemistry Conference
Cavendish's experiment
zinc in acid > collected bubbles > set fire > pop!
Atomic Theory of Matter
- same proportion - unique atomic weight
mid-1700s
3 airs (common air, CO2, H)
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
Arranged the elements into triads (by chemical compositions & rxns)
John Dalton
Atomic theory of matter
Marie Curie
Discovered radium and polonium
Antoine Lavoisier
Father of Chemistry ; defined ELEMENT ; debunked fire wasn't an element
John Newlands
Law of Octaves (when arranged by AW)
Maria Mendeleev
Mendeleev's mother ; believed in her son's intelligence
Lise Meitner
Nuclear fission occurs when an atom splits in half, and creates a chain reaction that releases energy
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
accurately determined the atomic masses of all 50 known elements ; discovered SILICON, SELENIUM, THORIUM, CERIUM,
Otto Han
actually discovered Barium (U split in 2)
Ernest Rutherford
atom was an empty space with e- buzzing around ; alpha particles
Henry Moseley
atomic number (nucleus)
Paracels
believed in Tri a Prima
Enrico Fermi
big idea of creating element > pounded the nucleus > claimed he discovered smth heavier than U (xxx)
how prussian blue is mad
blood + potash
pursuit of gold
breakthrough for chemistry
How Mendeleev arranged periodic table
by atomic weight & chemical properties
urine brainwave
can transform urine to gold by heating distilled urine > collected air is combustible
icy noctiluca
cold nightlight
Curie's expt
collected uranium ore > pitchblende > tested with electrometer
xray spectrometer experiment
copper inside (has a high radiation source) ; nucleus is +, everything is -
Edwin McMillan & Philip Abelson
created NEPTUNIUM
Johann Becher
destructive power of fire is caused by PHLOGISTON (odor/color/taste/weight-less)
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
discovered GALIUM (68), RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM
Pierre Janssen
discovered HELIUM > utilizing eclipse by using spectroscope to identify elements from the sun
Wallace Crothers
discovered NYLON (6 C atoms)
James Chadwick
neutrons + protons = nucleus
Justus von Liebig
obsessed with explosives ; AgCNO as explosive (similar to silver fulminate)
Dmitri Mendeleev
periodic table of elements ; Vgas = MOLECULESgas
mercury
product of heating cinnabar
Tri a Prima
salt, sulphur, mercury
Thomas Midgley Jr.
synthesized the first chlorofluorocarbons (tetra-ethyl lead)
Organic Chemistry
the chemistry of carbon compounds
Robert Boyle
the sceptical chymist ; experimented with Brand's discovery of phosphorus (rubbing sulphur with phosphorus > match)
alchemy
turning base metals into gold
Bunsen & Kirchoff's experiment
used a spectroscope > 1 prism & 2 telescopes > took a compound with Na then heated it up > colors are splitted up (2 orange lines)
isomers
way elements were connected ; diff. compounds = diff. properties
Lavoisier's experiment 1
weighed tin > heated it > weighed more (element absorbed some kind of air)
