A&P 1 - Midterm Review
Within ___(1)___, the structural unit of compact bone, cells called ___(2)___ live in small spaces called ___(3)___ and communicate with each other through numerous small channels called ___(4)___.
(1) Osteons (2) Osteocytes (3) Lacunae (4) Canaliculi
All of the following fatty acids contain at least one C-C double bond except:
*Saturated* Monounsaturated Trans Polyunsaturated
All of the following are part of the axial skeleton except the:
*Scapulae* Ribs Vertebrae Sternum
Which of the following statements is true?
*The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are both branches of the autonomic NS* The sympathetic NS is somatic, while the parasympathetic NS is autonomic The autonomic NS is a branch of the somatic NS The parasympathetic NS is the main driver of the stress response
All of the following are true of anatomical position except:
-The arms are lateral to the trunk -*The elbow is superior to the hand* -The palms face in an anterior direction -The back faces in a dorsal direction
Put in order the organelles or molecules involved in protein synthesis
1. DNA 2. RNA 3. Ribosome 4. Golgi apparatus 5. Secretory vesicle
How much of the body's mass is made up of water?
55-60%
An intervertebral foramen contains:
A spinal nerve
The chemical energy used by all cells.
ATP
At the hip joint, the head of the femur is received by the:
Acetabulum
Main neurotransmitter at parasympathetic postganglionic neurons:
Acetylcholine
All of the following are true of the autonomic NS except:
Acts on cardiac and smooth muscle *Synapses directly on skeletal muscle* Has ganglia Acts on glands
The chromatids separate and a cleavage furrow forms in:
Anaphase
A tumor induces blood vessels to grow toward it in:
Angiogenesis
Match the body region to its medical term: The forearm:
Antebrachial
Toward the front of the body:
Anterior/ventral
Bones touch other bones at the:
Articular cartilage
All of the following are larger in males except:
Articular end thickness Points of muscle attachment Bone size *The pelvic inlet*
Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon, has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. What is its atomic number? What is its mass number?
Atomic number - 6, mass number -14
The building blocks of elements are:
Atoms
Cancer becomes more likely as:
BOTH -Exposure to carcinogens increases -Immune function decreases
The hypothalamus is involved in ______ in creating the stress response.
BOTH: Sympathetic nervous system activation and catecholamine (epinephrine, norepinephrine) secretion and Glucocorticoid (cortisol) secretion
What is the transition involved in transitional epithelium?
Between stretched and relaxed states
Indicate the direction of change of each of the following during the stress response:
Blood glucose: Increased Blood pressure: Increased Blood clotting: Increased Respiration: Increased Growth: Decreased Digestion: Decreased Heart rate: Increased Urine production: Decreased Metabolism: Increased Reproduction: Decreased
Considered to be connective tissue:
Bone, fat, blood
The cheek:
Buccal
The heel:
Calcaneal
The heel bone, largest and strongest tarsal:
Calcaneus
Match the bone with its feature or description: Largest carpal bone:
Capitate
Which four elements, making up 96% of the mass, are the most common in the body?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
The wrist:
Carpal
Most of the body's water is located in:
Cells
Separate and form spindles for chromosomes during mitosis:
Centrosomes
The head:
Cephalic
Convex curves in the spine are found in the ______ spine:
Cervical and lumbar
This molecule is found in all body tissues, is essential to cell membrane structure and brain function, and is the molecule all other steroids in the body are made from.
Cholesterol
This molecule is the basis for all steroids made in the body:
Cholesterol
The cell responsible for the growth in length of long bones:
Chondrocyte
This epithelium lines the upper respiratory tract and secretes mucus. The nuclei are at many levels, and all cells are attached to the basement membrane.
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
The most abundant protein in the body, making up over one quarter of all the body's protein:
Collagen
All of the following tissues are vascularized (have a direct blood supply) except:
Connective Nervous Muscle *Epithelial*
The suture connecting the parietal bones to the frontal bone:
Coronal
The hip:
Coxal
The point of the elbow, olecranal :
Cubital
Three of these wedge-shaped bones in the anterior tarsals:
Cuneiform
Match the functions or characteristics to the organelles: Most cellular activities and organelles here:
Cytoplasm
Filaments and tubules providing scaffolding, support, transport, and communication:
Cytoskeleton
Bone resorption ______ with weight-bearing exercise and ______ with aging.
Decreases; increases
Away from the body's surface:
Deep/internal
The hormone calcitonin encourages the body to remove calcium from the blood and put it in the bones. This is ______ and is done by ______.
Deposition; osteoblasts
The shaft or body of a long bone:
Diaphysis
Pain felt near the xiphoid process or in the stomach or liver at the body's midline would be found in the ______ region.
Epigastric
A growth hormone secreting pituitary tumor in childhood results in giantism, with an accelerated increase in body height. In adulthood, the same tumor results in acromegaly, with larger organs, ring sizes, shoe sizes, and facial features, but no increase in height. Based on what you know about ossification, why would height increase in giantism but not in acromegaly?
Epiphyseal plate open in childhood, epiphyseal line closed in adulthood
Tissue with the greatest capacity for regeneration during tissue repair:
Epithelial
Osteoporosis is more common in older women because of a decrease in:
Estrogen secretion
Anterior cranial floor, between orbits, cribriform plate and nasal conchae
Ethmoid
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Exocrine = secretion through ducts, endocrine = secretion into bloodstream
When blood calcium ______, parathyroid hormone increases, resulting in calcium moving ______ the bones.
Falls; out of
Dense regular connective tissue differs from dense irregular based on:
Fiber direction
Strongest type of cartilage, with thick bundles of collagen, found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and menisci:
Fibrocartilage
Collagen is a(n):
Fibrous protein
Lateral malleolus:
Fibula
Sperm move by using:
Flagella
Cranial bones, the sternum, ribs, and scapulae:
Flat
"Pedal edema" refers to swelling in the:
Foot or ankle
All of the following happen as the body ages except:
Free radicals produce oxidative damage *Telomeres lengthen* Glucose cross-links proteins Mitotic rate decreases
In anatomical position, a ______ plane would include both hands and both feet.
Frontal
The forehead:
Frontal
Part of the shoulder joint:
Glenoid cavity
Starch in plants is similar in structure and function to ______ in animals.
Glycogen
Triage, sorting, distribution:
Golgi apparatus
The great toe :
Hallux
"Noble gases" like helium and neon are inert because they:
Have full outer energy levels (valence shells)
Treatment for osteoporosis associated with stroke, blood clots, heart disease, breast cancer, and dementia:
Hormone replacement therapy
The deltoid tuberosity is found on the:
Humerus
The most common type of cartilage, found in the larynx, ribs, nose, trachea, and the entire fetal skeleton:
Hyaline cartilage
The stress response begins in the:
Hypothalamus
What do the letters HPA in "HPA axis" stand for? Which hormones do each of the three produce to activate the axis?
Hypothalamus, CRH; anterior pituitary, ACTH; adrenal cortex, cortisol (and aldosterone and androgens)
Caudal:
Inferior
Fluid located outside of cells and vessels is called:
Interstitial fluid
Extracellular fluid is:
Interstitial fluid and blood plasma
Embryonic mesenchyme gives rise to bone directly in ______ ossification, which ______ involve an epiphyseal plate.
Intramembranous; does not
Salts form from ______ bonds.
Ionic
What type of bond do you think potassium (K), atomic number 19, would make with fluorine (F), atomic number 9?
Ionic
Match the description to its medical term: On the same side:
Ipsilateral
What makes a molecule an oxidant?
It takes electrons from the local area
In the lumbar vertebrae, movement is limited by:
Joint articulations
Smallest bone of face
Lacrimal
Compact bone contains all of the following except:
Lamellae Osteons Lacunae *Trabeculae*
Active transport might be required for all of the following reasons except:
Large molecule Polar molecule crossing hydrophobic membrane Protein carriers are required *Moving from high to low concentration*
Away from midline:
Lateral
This type of compound makes cell membranes and steroids and is insoluble in water.
Lipid
All of the following are organic compounds except:
Lipids *Salts* Carbohydrates Proteins
Compared to the parasympathetic NS, sympathetic NS responses tend to be:
Longer and more widespread
A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. The solution has a ______ sodium concentration than the cell, and the cell tends to ______.
Lower; burst
Digestive enzymes:
Lysosomes
Largest, strongest facial bone, only movable skull bone
Mandible
The upper jawbone, articulates with every facial bone except the mandible
Maxilla
The knuckles are the heads of the:
Metacarpals
Centromeres are aligned across the middle of the cell in:
Metaphase
A tumor spreads to a distant site in:
Metastasis
Foot bones:
Metatarsals
Bone destruction begins to outpace bone formation in:
Middle age
Produce ATP for cell energy:
Mitochondria
The membrane lining cavities that are open to the exterior of the body is:
Mucous
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are mixed together in a solution and react. What are the products of the reaction?
NaCl, water
As the temperature in the house falls at night, the thermostat senses the change, which in turn causes the heater to run, raising the temperature. This is an example of a ______ feedback loop, which in the body would tend to ______ homeostasis.
Negative; support
Tissue with the least capacity for regeneration during tissue repair:
Nervous
Out of long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones, which are made entirely of compact bone, and which are made only of spongy bone?
None, all bones have both
Main neurotransmitter at sympathetic postganglionic neurons:
Norepinephrine
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine (A, T, G, and C) are found in a:
Nucleic acid
DNA is transcribed into RNA here:
Nucleus
Contains the foramen magnum, makes up the posterior and base of the cranium
Occipital
A fracture that breaks the skin, also known as a compound fracture:
Open
The ear:
Otic
The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ______ the cell and potassium ______ the cell.
Out of; into
An incomplete fracture, in which the bone cracks or buckles:
Partial
All of the following body cavities are in the ventral cavity except the:
Pelvic *Cranial* Abdominal Thoracic
The extremities:
Peripheral
The lateral calf, fibular:
Peroneal
All of the following bring material into the cell except:
Phagocytosis Endocytosis *Exocytosis* Pinocytosis
Fingers:
Phalanges
Largest number of these in the body:
Phalanges
"Cell drinking," bringing water into the cell:
Pinocytosis
Carpal at medial end of superior row, can use in massage:
Pisiform
The water molecule is made from ______ bonds.
Polar covalent
The back of the knee:
Popliteal
Which of the following uses norepinephrine/noradrenaline as neurotransmitter:
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons
This type of compound can be fibrous and structural or globular and functional.
Protein
Closer to the limb origin:
Proximal
This molecule carries information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in a single strand.
RNA
Which of these are found in the carpal tunnel?
Radial nerve Flexor muscles Extensor tendons Extensor muscles *Median nerve* Ulnar nerve *Flexor tendons* Brachial nerve
Biceps brachii attaches to the:
Radial tuberosity
The fingers change colors in:
Raynaud syndrome
Which of the following is in the correct order of occurrence in homeostatic feedback?
Receptor, control center, effector
Blood calcium falls, so calcium is taken from the bones to restore a normal blood level. This is ______ and is done by ______.
Resorption; osteoclasts
Type of connective tissue with a delicate network of interwoven fibers, found in the stroma (support tissue) of lymphoid organs:
Reticular
Amino acids made into proteins:
Ribosomes
RNA is translated to protein here:
Ribosomes
Soft bones from inadequate mineralization:
Rickets and osteomalacia
The suture connecting the parietal bones to each other:
Sagittal
Articulates with and receives force from the radius:
Scaphoid
Most carpal bone breaks:
Scaphoid
Cells that ______ bone extracellular matrix:
Secrete : Osteoblasts Dissolve: Osteoclasts
The membrane lining cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body is:
Serous
Cube-shaped bones in the wrist and ankle are ______ bones:
Short
Fat-soluble or small solutes cross the cell membrane by:
Simple diffusion
Most efficient at diffusion, this epithelium is found in capillaries, alveoli (air sacs in the lungs), and serous membranes. Forms endothelium and mesothelium.
Simple squamous
Metabolize lipids, clear toxins:
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Match the bone to its description: Keystone of the cranium, articulates with all other cranial bones and houses the pituitary gland
Sphenoid
Found in the skin, tongue, mouth, and vagina, this protective epithelium has a basal layer of dividing cells and upper layers of dehydrated, shrunken, hardened cells and can include keratin:
Stratified squamous
An exocrine gland secretes ______ into ______:
Substances such as digestive enzymes, sweat, saliva, and earwax; ducts
Cranial:
Superior
Fontanels become:
Sutures
What do the letters SAM in "SAM axis" stand for? Which hormones are produced when this axis is active?
Sympathetic NS, adrenal medulla, epinephrine and norepinephrine
Dual innervation in the autonomic NS means:
Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of target tissues
Horner syndrome involves ______ loss; megacolon involves ______ loss.
Sympathetic; parasympathetic
Membrane not composed of epithelial tissue:
Synovial
What makes an amino acid essential?
Synthesis doesn't meet demand, outside source needed
Match the bone with its feature or description: Bears initial weight of walking:
Talus
Tarsal that joins both tibia and fibula:
Talus
Contains zygomatic arch, mandibular fossa, mastoid process, styloid process
Temporal
The dens is part of:
The axis
At the pubic symphysis,
The hip bones join each other
Endochondral ossification in the diaphysis spreads from:
The middle toward the ends
A vertebral foramen contains:
The spinal cord
All of the following are more dominant during alarm stage than resistance stage except:
The sympathetic NS *Cortisol* The adrenal medulla Epinephrine
Medial malleolus:
Tibia
Medial and lateral condyles join the:
Tibia and femur
Epithelium that can appear cuboidal or squamous, found in the urinary bladder:
Transitional
A plane of section through the body that separates the pelvis from the torso is:
Transverse
Carpal at lateral end of inferior row:
Trapezium
The olecranon process is found on the:
Ulna
Needed for collagen synthesis, deficiency = slow bone growth and repair:
Vitamin C
Protrudes from the lower end of the sternum:
Xiphoid process
Macromolecule units such as glucose or amino acids polymerize (combine to form larger chains), releasing water, in which type of reaction?
dehydration synthesis
The plasma membrane is the most permeable to:
fatty acids
Longest, heaviest, strongest bone in body:
femur
A type of connective tissue that functions as "packing material" between organs and other structures, soaks up fluid easily, and is widely distributed in the body is:
loose areolar
Bones in the hard palate:
maxilla and palatine
As the pH decreases, a solution becomes ______ acidic, and the concentration of hydrogen ion ______.
more; increases
sides and roof of cranial cavity
parietal
The right lung is ______ to the liver and ______ to the left lung.
superior; contralateral
