A&P 1 - Midterm Review

Within ___(1)___, the structural unit of compact bone, cells called ___(2)___ live in small spaces called ___(3)___ and communicate with each other through numerous small channels called ___(4)___.

(1) Osteons (2) Osteocytes (3) Lacunae (4) Canaliculi

All of the following fatty acids contain at least one C-C double bond except:

*Saturated* Monounsaturated Trans Polyunsaturated

All of the following are part of the axial skeleton except the:

*Scapulae* Ribs Vertebrae Sternum

Which of the following statements is true?

*The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are both branches of the autonomic NS* The sympathetic NS is somatic, while the parasympathetic NS is autonomic The autonomic NS is a branch of the somatic NS The parasympathetic NS is the main driver of the stress response

All of the following are true of anatomical position except:

-The arms are lateral to the trunk -*The elbow is superior to the hand* -The palms face in an anterior direction -The back faces in a dorsal direction

Put in order the organelles or molecules involved in protein synthesis

1. DNA 2. RNA 3. Ribosome 4. Golgi apparatus 5. Secretory vesicle

How much of the body's mass is made up of water?

55-60%

An intervertebral foramen contains:

A spinal nerve

The chemical energy used by all cells.

ATP

At the hip joint, the head of the femur is received by the:

Acetabulum

Main neurotransmitter at parasympathetic postganglionic neurons:

Acetylcholine

All of the following are true of the autonomic NS except:

Acts on cardiac and smooth muscle *Synapses directly on skeletal muscle* Has ganglia Acts on glands

The chromatids separate and a cleavage furrow forms in:

Anaphase

A tumor induces blood vessels to grow toward it in:

Angiogenesis

Match the body region to its medical term: The forearm:

Antebrachial

Toward the front of the body:

Anterior/ventral

Bones touch other bones at the:

Articular cartilage

All of the following are larger in males except:

Articular end thickness Points of muscle attachment Bone size *The pelvic inlet*

Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon, has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. What is its atomic number? What is its mass number?

Atomic number - 6, mass number -14

The building blocks of elements are:

Atoms

Cancer becomes more likely as:

BOTH -Exposure to carcinogens increases -Immune function decreases

The hypothalamus is involved in ______ in creating the stress response.

BOTH: Sympathetic nervous system activation and catecholamine (epinephrine, norepinephrine) secretion and Glucocorticoid (cortisol) secretion

What is the transition involved in transitional epithelium?

Between stretched and relaxed states

Indicate the direction of change of each of the following during the stress response:

Blood glucose: Increased Blood pressure: Increased Blood clotting: Increased Respiration: Increased Growth: Decreased Digestion: Decreased Heart rate: Increased Urine production: Decreased Metabolism: Increased Reproduction: Decreased

Considered to be connective tissue:

Bone, fat, blood

The cheek:

Buccal

The heel:

Calcaneal

The heel bone, largest and strongest tarsal:

Calcaneus

Match the bone with its feature or description: Largest carpal bone:

Capitate

Which four elements, making up 96% of the mass, are the most common in the body?

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

The wrist:

Carpal

Most of the body's water is located in:

Cells

Separate and form spindles for chromosomes during mitosis:

Centrosomes

The head:

Cephalic

Convex curves in the spine are found in the ______ spine:

Cervical and lumbar

This molecule is found in all body tissues, is essential to cell membrane structure and brain function, and is the molecule all other steroids in the body are made from.

Cholesterol

This molecule is the basis for all steroids made in the body:

Cholesterol

The cell responsible for the growth in length of long bones:

Chondrocyte

This epithelium lines the upper respiratory tract and secretes mucus. The nuclei are at many levels, and all cells are attached to the basement membrane.

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

The most abundant protein in the body, making up over one quarter of all the body's protein:

Collagen

All of the following tissues are vascularized (have a direct blood supply) except:

Connective Nervous Muscle *Epithelial*

The suture connecting the parietal bones to the frontal bone:

Coronal

The hip:

Coxal

The point of the elbow, olecranal :

Cubital

Three of these wedge-shaped bones in the anterior tarsals:

Cuneiform

Match the functions or characteristics to the organelles: Most cellular activities and organelles here:

Cytoplasm

Filaments and tubules providing scaffolding, support, transport, and communication:

Cytoskeleton

Bone resorption ______ with weight-bearing exercise and ______ with aging.

Decreases; increases

Away from the body's surface:

Deep/internal

The hormone calcitonin encourages the body to remove calcium from the blood and put it in the bones. This is ______ and is done by ______.

Deposition; osteoblasts

The shaft or body of a long bone:

Diaphysis

Pain felt near the xiphoid process or in the stomach or liver at the body's midline would be found in the ______ region.

Epigastric

A growth hormone secreting pituitary tumor in childhood results in giantism, with an accelerated increase in body height. In adulthood, the same tumor results in acromegaly, with larger organs, ring sizes, shoe sizes, and facial features, but no increase in height. Based on what you know about ossification, why would height increase in giantism but not in acromegaly?

Epiphyseal plate open in childhood, epiphyseal line closed in adulthood

Tissue with the greatest capacity for regeneration during tissue repair:

Epithelial

Osteoporosis is more common in older women because of a decrease in:

Estrogen secretion

Anterior cranial floor, between orbits, cribriform plate and nasal conchae

Ethmoid

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Exocrine = secretion through ducts, endocrine = secretion into bloodstream

When blood calcium ______, parathyroid hormone increases, resulting in calcium moving ______ the bones.

Falls; out of

Dense regular connective tissue differs from dense irregular based on:

Fiber direction

Strongest type of cartilage, with thick bundles of collagen, found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and menisci:

Fibrocartilage

Collagen is a(n):

Fibrous protein

Lateral malleolus:

Fibula

Sperm move by using:

Flagella

Cranial bones, the sternum, ribs, and scapulae:

Flat

"Pedal edema" refers to swelling in the:

Foot or ankle

All of the following happen as the body ages except:

Free radicals produce oxidative damage *Telomeres lengthen* Glucose cross-links proteins Mitotic rate decreases

In anatomical position, a ______ plane would include both hands and both feet.

Frontal

The forehead:

Frontal

Part of the shoulder joint:

Glenoid cavity

Starch in plants is similar in structure and function to ______ in animals.

Glycogen

Triage, sorting, distribution:

Golgi apparatus

The great toe :

Hallux

"Noble gases" like helium and neon are inert because they:

Have full outer energy levels (valence shells)

Treatment for osteoporosis associated with stroke, blood clots, heart disease, breast cancer, and dementia:

Hormone replacement therapy

The deltoid tuberosity is found on the:

Humerus

The most common type of cartilage, found in the larynx, ribs, nose, trachea, and the entire fetal skeleton:

Hyaline cartilage

The stress response begins in the:

Hypothalamus

What do the letters HPA in "HPA axis" stand for? Which hormones do each of the three produce to activate the axis?

Hypothalamus, CRH; anterior pituitary, ACTH; adrenal cortex, cortisol (and aldosterone and androgens)

Caudal:

Inferior

Fluid located outside of cells and vessels is called:

Interstitial fluid

Extracellular fluid is:

Interstitial fluid and blood plasma

Embryonic mesenchyme gives rise to bone directly in ______ ossification, which ______ involve an epiphyseal plate.

Intramembranous; does not

Salts form from ______ bonds.

Ionic

What type of bond do you think potassium (K), atomic number 19, would make with fluorine (F), atomic number 9?

Ionic

Match the description to its medical term: On the same side:

Ipsilateral

What makes a molecule an oxidant?

It takes electrons from the local area

In the lumbar vertebrae, movement is limited by:

Joint articulations

Smallest bone of face

Lacrimal

Compact bone contains all of the following except:

Lamellae Osteons Lacunae *Trabeculae*

Active transport might be required for all of the following reasons except:

Large molecule Polar molecule crossing hydrophobic membrane Protein carriers are required *Moving from high to low concentration*

Away from midline:

Lateral

This type of compound makes cell membranes and steroids and is insoluble in water.

Lipid

All of the following are organic compounds except:

Lipids *Salts* Carbohydrates Proteins

Compared to the parasympathetic NS, sympathetic NS responses tend to be:

Longer and more widespread

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. The solution has a ______ sodium concentration than the cell, and the cell tends to ______.

Lower; burst

Digestive enzymes:

Lysosomes

Largest, strongest facial bone, only movable skull bone

Mandible

The upper jawbone, articulates with every facial bone except the mandible

Maxilla

The knuckles are the heads of the:

Metacarpals

Centromeres are aligned across the middle of the cell in:

Metaphase

A tumor spreads to a distant site in:

Metastasis

Foot bones:

Metatarsals

Bone destruction begins to outpace bone formation in:

Middle age

Produce ATP for cell energy:

Mitochondria

The membrane lining cavities that are open to the exterior of the body is:

Mucous

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are mixed together in a solution and react. What are the products of the reaction?

NaCl, water

As the temperature in the house falls at night, the thermostat senses the change, which in turn causes the heater to run, raising the temperature. This is an example of a ______ feedback loop, which in the body would tend to ______ homeostasis.

Negative; support

Tissue with the least capacity for regeneration during tissue repair:

Nervous

Out of long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones, which are made entirely of compact bone, and which are made only of spongy bone?

None, all bones have both

Main neurotransmitter at sympathetic postganglionic neurons:

Norepinephrine

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine (A, T, G, and C) are found in a:

Nucleic acid

DNA is transcribed into RNA here:

Nucleus

Contains the foramen magnum, makes up the posterior and base of the cranium

Occipital

A fracture that breaks the skin, also known as a compound fracture:

Open

The ear:

Otic

The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ______ the cell and potassium ______ the cell.

Out of; into

An incomplete fracture, in which the bone cracks or buckles:

Partial

All of the following body cavities are in the ventral cavity except the:

Pelvic *Cranial* Abdominal Thoracic

The extremities:

Peripheral

The lateral calf, fibular:

Peroneal

All of the following bring material into the cell except:

Phagocytosis Endocytosis *Exocytosis* Pinocytosis

Fingers:

Phalanges

Largest number of these in the body:

Phalanges

"Cell drinking," bringing water into the cell:

Pinocytosis

Carpal at medial end of superior row, can use in massage:

Pisiform

The water molecule is made from ______ bonds.

Polar covalent

The back of the knee:

Popliteal

Which of the following uses norepinephrine/noradrenaline as neurotransmitter:

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

This type of compound can be fibrous and structural or globular and functional.

Protein

Closer to the limb origin:

Proximal

This molecule carries information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in a single strand.

RNA

Which of these are found in the carpal tunnel?

Radial nerve Flexor muscles Extensor tendons Extensor muscles *Median nerve* Ulnar nerve *Flexor tendons* Brachial nerve

Biceps brachii attaches to the:

Radial tuberosity

The fingers change colors in:

Raynaud syndrome

Which of the following is in the correct order of occurrence in homeostatic feedback?

Receptor, control center, effector

Blood calcium falls, so calcium is taken from the bones to restore a normal blood level. This is ______ and is done by ______.

Resorption; osteoclasts

Type of connective tissue with a delicate network of interwoven fibers, found in the stroma (support tissue) of lymphoid organs:

Reticular

Amino acids made into proteins:

Ribosomes

RNA is translated to protein here:

Ribosomes

Soft bones from inadequate mineralization:

Rickets and osteomalacia

The suture connecting the parietal bones to each other:

Sagittal

Articulates with and receives force from the radius:

Scaphoid

Most carpal bone breaks:

Scaphoid

Cells that ______ bone extracellular matrix:

Secrete : Osteoblasts Dissolve: Osteoclasts

The membrane lining cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body is:

Serous

Cube-shaped bones in the wrist and ankle are ______ bones:

Short

Fat-soluble or small solutes cross the cell membrane by:

Simple diffusion

Most efficient at diffusion, this epithelium is found in capillaries, alveoli (air sacs in the lungs), and serous membranes. Forms endothelium and mesothelium.

Simple squamous

Metabolize lipids, clear toxins:

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Match the bone to its description: Keystone of the cranium, articulates with all other cranial bones and houses the pituitary gland

Sphenoid

Found in the skin, tongue, mouth, and vagina, this protective epithelium has a basal layer of dividing cells and upper layers of dehydrated, shrunken, hardened cells and can include keratin:

Stratified squamous

An exocrine gland secretes ______ into ______:

Substances such as digestive enzymes, sweat, saliva, and earwax; ducts

Cranial:

Superior

Fontanels become:

Sutures

What do the letters SAM in "SAM axis" stand for? Which hormones are produced when this axis is active?

Sympathetic NS, adrenal medulla, epinephrine and norepinephrine

Dual innervation in the autonomic NS means:

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of target tissues

Horner syndrome involves ______ loss; megacolon involves ______ loss.

Sympathetic; parasympathetic

Membrane not composed of epithelial tissue:

Synovial

What makes an amino acid essential?

Synthesis doesn't meet demand, outside source needed

Match the bone with its feature or description: Bears initial weight of walking:

Talus

Tarsal that joins both tibia and fibula:

Talus

Contains zygomatic arch, mandibular fossa, mastoid process, styloid process

Temporal

The dens is part of:

The axis

At the pubic symphysis,

The hip bones join each other

Endochondral ossification in the diaphysis spreads from:

The middle toward the ends

A vertebral foramen contains:

The spinal cord

All of the following are more dominant during alarm stage than resistance stage except:

The sympathetic NS *Cortisol* The adrenal medulla Epinephrine

Medial malleolus:

Tibia

Medial and lateral condyles join the:

Tibia and femur

Epithelium that can appear cuboidal or squamous, found in the urinary bladder:

Transitional

A plane of section through the body that separates the pelvis from the torso is:

Transverse

Carpal at lateral end of inferior row:

Trapezium

The olecranon process is found on the:

Ulna

Needed for collagen synthesis, deficiency = slow bone growth and repair:

Vitamin C

Protrudes from the lower end of the sternum:

Xiphoid process

Macromolecule units such as glucose or amino acids polymerize (combine to form larger chains), releasing water, in which type of reaction?

dehydration synthesis

The plasma membrane is the most permeable to:

fatty acids

Longest, heaviest, strongest bone in body:

femur

A type of connective tissue that functions as "packing material" between organs and other structures, soaks up fluid easily, and is widely distributed in the body is:

loose areolar

Bones in the hard palate:

maxilla and palatine

As the pH decreases, a solution becomes ______ acidic, and the concentration of hydrogen ion ______.

more; increases

sides and roof of cranial cavity

parietal

The right lung is ______ to the liver and ______ to the left lung.

superior; contralateral