A&P 1 - Study Module ~ 6.1-6.9
Which of the following is the structural definition of red bone marrow? ANSWER Adipose tissue important in the storage of energy reserves A highly vascular tissue involved in the production of blood cells Remnant of osteons whose matrix components have been almost completely recycled by osteoclasts Produced during the growth and maintenance of the bone The organic bone matrix before calcium salts are deposited
A highly vascular tissue involved in the production of blood cells
Which of the following is the correct description of a lacuna in bone tissue? ANSWER A pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix Passageway that extends roughly perpendicular to the surface of the bone Network of struts and plates formed by the matrix in spongy bone Layer of matrix Narrow passageway that penetrates the layers of matrix
A pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix
Which of the following defines foramen? ANSWER A large, rough projection A small, rounded passageway through which blood vessels or nerves penetrate the bone A small, rough projection that may occupy a broad area of the bone surface An elongated cleft or gap A small, rounded projection
A small, rounded passageway through which blood vessels or nerves penetrate the bone
Which of the following is the definition of tubercle? ANSWER A small, rounded projection An elongated cleft or gap A small, rounded passageway through which blood vessels or nerves penetrate the bone A small, rough projection that may occupy a broad area of the bone surface A large, rough projection
A small, rounded projection
Which of the following is the functional definition of yellow bone marrow? ANSWER The organic bone matrix before calcium salts are deposited Produced during the growth and maintenance of the bone Adipose tissue important in the storage of energy reserves Remnant of osteons whose matrix components have been almost completely recycled by osteoclasts A highly vascular tissue involved in the production of blood cells
Adipose tissue important in the storage of energy reserves
Which of the following is the definition of fissure? ANSWER A small, rounded passageway through which blood vessels or nerves penetrate the bone A large, rough projection An elongated cleft or gap A small, rough projection that may occupy a broad area of the bone surface A small, rounded projection
An elongated cleft or gap
Which of these occurs first in endochondral ossification of a long bone? ANSWER Blood vessels grow along the surface of the shaft of cartilage. Cartilage near each epiphysis is replaced by bone. Epiphyseal plates form. Spongy bone forms at a primary ossification center. The shaft of cartilage becomes ensheathed in a superficial layer of bone.
Blood vessels grow along the surface of the shaft of cartilage.
Which of the following is an example of (an) irregular bone(s)? ANSWER Tarsal bones Femur Patella Bones of the pelvis Sternum
Bones of the pelvis
During appositional bone growth, which of the following are deposited? ANSWER Circumferential lamellae Interstitial lamellae Concentric lamellae Howship's lacunae
Circumferential lamellae
hich of the following best describes Marfan syndrome? ANSWER Excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages results in very tall individuals whose limbs are very long and slender. The epiphyseal cartilages of the long bones grow unusually slowly and are replaced by bone early in life. A rare single-gene mutation results in the deposition of bone around skeletal muscles. Overproduction of growth hormone before puberty results in very tall individuals. Inadequate production of growth hormone leads to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity and abnormally short bones.
Excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages results in very tall individuals whose limbs are very long and slender.
Which of the following describes the structural features of epiphysis in a typical long bone? ANSWER Long and tubular shaft of the bone Narrow zone that connects the expanded area to the shaft of the bone The space within the hollow shaft of the bone Expanded area found at each end of the bone
Expanded area found at each end of the bone
Acromegaly results from which of the following? ANSWER Growth hormone levels rising abnormally after epiphyseal cartilages close When, under abnormal conditions, mesenchymal stem cells in the connective tissue around bone develop into osteoblasts An overproduction of growth hormone before puberty Marfan syndrome
Growth hormone levels rising abnormally after epiphyseal cartilages close
Which of the following describes of pituitary growth failure? ANSWER The epiphyseal cartilages of the long bones grow unusually slowly and are replaced by bone early in life. Overproduction of growth hormone before puberty results in very tall individuals. Inadequate production of growth hormone leads to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity and abnormally short bones. Excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages results in very tall individuals whose limbs are very long and slender. A rare single-gene mutation results in the deposition of bone around skeletal muscles.
Inadequate production of growth hormone leads to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity and abnormally short bones.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of endosteum? ANSWER It is an incomplete layer that lines the medullary cavity. It consists of a simple, flattened layer of osteoprogenitor cells that covers the bone matrix. It is active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling. It has a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer.
It has a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer.
Which of the following is the correct description of a lamella? ANSWER Narrow passageway that penetrates the layers of matrix Passageway that extends roughly perpendicular to the surface of the bone A pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix Layer of matrix Network of struts and plates formed by the matrix in spongy bone
Layer of matrix
Which surface feature of the skull is a large passageway through the substance of a bone? ANSWER Foramen Meatus Sinus Fissure
Meatus
The space within the hollow shaft of a long bone is called which of the following? ANSWER Metaphysis Canaliculi Medullary cavity Nutrient foramen
Medullary cavity
Which is the following describes osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells? Giant cells that remove and recycle bone matrix Precursor bone cells that produce new bone matrix Mesenchymal cells that are important in the repair of a fracture Mature bone cells that maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix
Mesenchymal cells that are important in the repair of a fracture (Osteogenic, or osteoprogenitor cells, are mesenchymal cells present in small numbers; these stem cells divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts, and they are thus important in the repair of a fracture (a break or a crack in a bone).
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? ANSWER Mineral absorption Leverage Calcium storage Blood cell production
Mineral Absorption (The skeletal system stores minerals, but does not absorb minerals. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced in the red marrow, which fills the internal cavities of many bones. Many bones of the skeleton function as levers that can change the magnitude and direction of the forces generated by skeletal muscles, making leverage an important function. The calcium salts of bone represent a valuable mineral reserve that maintains normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids. More than 98 percent of the body's calcium is deposited in the bones of the skeleton.)
During endochondral ossification, fibroblasts migrating with blood vessels differentiate into which structures? ANSWER Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Which of the following cells produce bone matrix during osteogenesis? ANSWER Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Fibroblasts
Osteoblasts
Which of the following function in osteogenesis? ANSWER Osteoclasts Osteocytes Osteoblasts Lamellae
Osteoblasts
What are giant, multinucleated cells that remove and recycle bone matrix called? ANSWER Osteocytes Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoclasts Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Which of the following describes gigantism? ANSWER Abnormal increase of growth hormone levels after epiphyseal cartilages close results in thicker, not longer, bones, especially those in the face, jaw, and hands. Excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages results in very tall individuals whose limbs are very long and slender. The epiphyseal cartilages of the long bones grow unusually slowly and are replaced by bone early in life. Inadequate production of growth hormone leads to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity and abnormally short bones. Overproduction of growth hormone before puberty results in very tall individuals.
Overproduction of growth hormone before puberty results in very tall individuals.
Which of the following describes a perforating canal? ANSWER Passageway that extends roughly perpendicular to the surface of the bone Network of struts and plates formed by the matrix in spongy bone A pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix Layer of matrix Narrow passageway that penetrates the layers of matrix
Passageway that extends roughly perpendicular to the surface of the bone
Which of the following describes the process or mechanism of osteogenesis? ANSWER The formation of bone without a prior cartilaginous model The process through which the diameter of a bone is enlarged Resorption process in which the acids and proteolytic enzymes secreted by osteoclasts dissolve the matrix and release the stored minerals The process through which cartilaginous bones are gradually converted to bone, resulting in increased length of the bone Process in which new bone matrix is produced when osteoid is converted to bone
Process in which new bone matrix is produced when osteoid is converted to bone
Which of the following describes the process of osteolysis? ANSWER The process through which the diameter of a bone is enlarged The process through which cartilaginous bones are gradually converted to bone, resulting in increased length of the bone The formation of bone without a prior cartilaginous model Process in which new bone matrix is produced when osteoid is converted to bone Resorption process in which the acids and proteolytic enzymes secreted by osteoclasts dissolve the matrix and release the stored minerals
Resorption process in which the acids and proteolytic enzymes secreted by osteoclasts dissolve the matrix and release the stored minerals
Which of the following are classified as dermal bones? ANSWER Flat bones of the rib cage Long bones of the limbs All short bones Roofing bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicle Bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles
Roofing bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicle
Which of the following describes the process of achondroplasia? ANSWER Inadequate production of growth hormone leads to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity and abnormally short bones. It is formed by the interaction of calcium phosphate with calcium hydroxide. The epiphyseal cartilages of the long bones grow unusually slowly and are replaced by bone early in life. Excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages results in very tall individuals whose limbs are very long and slender. A rare single-gene mutation results in the deposition of bone around skeletal muscles.
The epiphyseal cartilages of the long bones grow unusually slowly and are replaced by bone early in life.
During intramembranous ossification, as the rate of growth slows, the connective tissue around the bone becomes organized into which of the following? ANSWER The fibrous layer of the periosteum The endosteum The metaphyses The cellular layer of the periosteum
The fibrous layer of the periosteum
Which of the following is the functional definition of osteoid? ANSWER A highly vascular tissue involved in the production of blood cells Remnant of osteons whose matrix components have been almost completely recycled by osteoclasts Adipose tissue important in the storage of energy reserves The organic bone matrix before calcium salts are deposited Produced during the growth and maintenance of the bone
The organic bone matrix before calcium salts are deposited
Which of the following describes the process of appositional growth? ANSWER Process in which new bone matrix is produced when osteoid is converted to bone The formation of bone without a prior cartilaginous model The process through which cartilaginous bones are gradually converted to bone, resulting in increased length of the bone The process through which the diameter of a bone is enlarged Concentric lamellae
The process through which the diameter of a bone is enlarged
Structures that connect osteons with one another, and which radiate through the lamellae of bone, are called __________. ANSWER canaliculi lacunae central canals trabeculae
canaliculi
The long narrow passageway of a long bone is ______.
diaphysis
Near the end of the endochondral ossification process, the __________. ANSWER epiphyses are filled with compact bone epiphyses are filled with fibrous cartilage diaphyses are filled with elastic cartilage epiphyses are filled with spongy bone
epiphyses are filled with spongy bone
A rare single-gene mutation disorder that involves the deposition of bone around skeletal muscles is called __________. ANSWER fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive (FOP) Marfan syndrome achondroplasia acromegaly
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive (FOP)
Articular cartilage is NOT/does NOT __________. ANSWER avascular highly vascularized cover portions of the epiphysis rely on synovial fluid diffusion for several processes
highly vascularized (Articular cartilage is NOT highly vascularized. An articular cartilage covers portions of the epiphysis that articulate with other bones. The cartilage is avascular, and it relies primarily on diffusion from the synovial fluid to obtain oxygen and nutrients and to eliminate wastes.)
The outer covering of bone that contains connective tissue and a living layer of cells is the __________. ANSWER perforating fibers circumferential lamellae periosteum endosteum
periosteum (Except within joint cavities, the superficial layer of compact bone that covers all bones is wrapped by a periosteum, which has a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer.)
An extension of a pelvic bone that makes an angle with the main body of the structure is called a(n) __________. ANSWER trochlea ramus spine trochanter
ramus
Intramembranous ossification __________. ANSWER requires a hyaline cartilage precursor starts during approximately the eighth week of embryonic development occurs as chondrocytes cluster together and start to secrete the bony matrix occurs in most long bones of the human skeleton
starts during approximately the eighth week of embryonic development
