A&P 2 CH. 22 The Digestive System
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the
bladder
The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the
body
The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called
dentin
Identify the segment of the small intestine found within the epigastric region.
duodenum
Submucosal glands that secrete mucus are characteristic of the
duodenum
The order of the small intestine segments, from proximal to distal, is
duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the
entry of food into the stomach
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
filtration
Name the four major regions of the stomach in order from its junction with the esophagus to the small intestine.
fundus, cardia, body, pyloric part
The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach is
gastrin
The ridge of oral mucosa that surrounds the base of a tooth is the
gingiva
Movements unique to the large intestine are ________ movements
mass
Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called
mass movements
The ________ is a double sheet of peritoneal membrane that suspends the visceral organs and carries nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels
mesentery
The ________ supports most of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement
mesentery proper
The gastroileal reflex
moves some chyme to the colon.
The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the
mucosa
Name the four layers of the digestive tract beginning from the lumen of the digestive tract
mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
Name the layers of the small intestine from superficial to deep.
mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
Gastric pits are
openings into gastric glands.
Starting at the mouth, identify the major organs of the digestive tract
oral cavity (mouth), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalsis
Describe mass movements.
powerful peristaltic contractions that occur in response to distension of the stomach and duodenum
Explain the significance of peritoneal fluid
prevent friction and irritation when digestive organs move
Which of the following is not a function of the adult liver?
producing blood cells
The ________ of the liver lies between the left lobe and the gallbladder
quadrate lobe
Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the
submucosa
Which of the following does not describe how products of fat digestion are absorbed and transported?
Brush border enzymes break down the fats so they can be directly absorbed into the bloodstream.
A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the
uvula
Name and briefly describe the important characteristic of each of the three phases of gastric secretion.
1. Cephalic Phase. Stomach is stimulated to secrete gastric and gastric juice. 2. Gastric Phase. Food enters the stomach, secretion of gastric juices increases. 3. Intestinal Phase. Chime enters the duodenum. Signals the medulla oblongata to inhibit stimulation of gastric glands and releases hormones to inhibit gastric secretions.
On average, the body produces ________ of saliva in a day
1.0-1.5 L
Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony?
All of the answers are correct
During deglutition
All of the answers are correct 1. the lower esophageal sphincter opens 2. the larynx elevates and the epiglottis closes. 3. the soft palate elevates.
Define ingestion
Entry of food and liquids into the digestive tract through the mouth
What bacterium is responsible for most peptic ulcers?
Helicobactor pylori
Define hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are distended veins in the distal portion of the rectum.
Describe the outer covering of the liver.
It is covered by a layer of visceral peritoneum and wrapped in a tough fibrous capsule.
________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding
Molars
Which of the following statements is false?
Secretin and CCK are produced by the stomach and are important hormones in regulating digestion
Describe the alkaline tide.
The alkaline tide is the sudden influx of bicarbonate ions into the bloodstream.
Describe the orientation of smooth muscle fibers in the muscular layer of the digestive tract
The cells align parallel to each other and form an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer
Which of the following statements about the tongue is false?
The uvula attaches to the base
Explain the function of lacteals
They transport materials that cannot enter blood capillaries.
The enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates is
amylase
At what point in the large intestine does the epidermis change from stratified squamous non-keratinized tissue like the oral cavity to stratified squamous keratinized tissue like the skin?
anus
Describe the location of fauces.
arched opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx
Lacteals
carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system
An intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile is
cholecystokinin
The articulation between the periodontal ligament and the bone at the base of the tooth is what type of joint?
gomphosis
Trace a drop of bile from the hepatic ducts to the duodenal lumen.
hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, bile duct, duodenal ampulla and papilla, duodenal lumen
Kupffer cells lurk in the liver, searching for invaders. Where in the liver do they lurk?
hepatic sinusoids
Regions of the stomach include all of the following except
ileum
Describe the muscular layer of the esophagus
inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer; superior third is skeletal muscle, middle third is mixed skeletal and smooth muscle, inferior third is smooth muscle
All of the following enzymes are secreted by the pancreas except
insulin.
The ________ is composed of smooth muscle fibers and is not under voluntary control
internal anal sphincter
The middle segment of the small intestine is the
jejunum
Which accessory organ of the digestive system is responsible for almost 200 known functions?
liver
Define stellate macrophages, and indicate their functions.
liver macrophages which engulf pathogens, cell debris, and damaged blood cells
Cite the major mechanisms that regulate and control digestive activities
local factors, neural mechanisms, and hormonal mechanisms
In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways
sphincters
Damage to the parotid glands would affect the digestion of which nutrient?
starches
What is the function of the gallbladder?
store and concentrate bile
The ________ salivary glands are covered by the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth
sublingual
Which of the following is not true of the Kupffer cells of the liver?
they are also called hepatocytes
What is the primary digestive function of the pancreas?
to produce buffers and enzymes for the digestion of starches, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "duodenal ampulla"?
where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum