A&P 2 Exam 2

Why do veins have relatively thin walls?

A typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure.

The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called _______.

Peyer's patches

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

Select the correct statement about blood flow.

blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

If blood has low viscosity, which result would be likely under normal conditions?

blood flows at lower pressure

The force that tends to reabsorb or pull water back into a capillary is called _________ pressure.

blood osmotic

Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape ) from the _______.

blood vascular system

Which of the following has the greatest effect of blood flow to the tissues?

peripheral resistance

How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?

plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies

Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger to immune response?

self-antigens

The velocity of blood flow is _______.

slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

The instrument used to measure blood pressure is the ______.

sphygmomanometer

What lymphoid organs stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?

spleen

Chemotaxis is best described as _______.

the movement of cells along a chemical gradient

B cells develop immunocompetence in the _________.

bone marrow

Regarding the typical structure of blood vessel walls, those that have only a tunica intime are the

capillaries

The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are termed

capillaries

The force that pushes fluid out of the capillaries is called _______.

capillary hydostatic pressure

As blood travels from the aorta toward the capillaries,

cardiovascular pressure decreases

Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response?

chills

What does fever accomplish?

fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process

Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called ________.

haptens

The external carotid artery would be classified as an example of a(n) _______ artery

muscular

Match the arteries in the first column with the major column with the major regions they supply in the second column. _______1. internal carotid A. posterior abdominal wall _______2. phrenic B. upper digestive tract _______3. brain C. brain ________4. celiac D. diaphragm _______5. lumbar E. kidney

1-C, 2-D, 3-E, 4-B, 5-A

Match the following descriptions with the appropriate lymphoid organ or tissue: A) thymus gland B) Peyer's patches C) tonsils D) spleen 1) Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity 2) Trap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat 3) Located overlying the heart 4) Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris 5) Located in the wall of the small intestines 6) Located in the pharynx (throat)

1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D, 5-B, 6-C

Match the type of blood vessels in the first column with its corresponding characteristic in the second column. _______1. Artery A. controls blood pressure _______2. Arteriole B. most permeable _______3. capillary C. largest lumen _______4. venule D. drains tissue _______5. vein E. thickest wall

1-E, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D, 5-C

Match the type of immunity with its appropriate description. _____ 1. adaptive (specific) A. produced by antibodies that develop immunity after exposure to an antigen _____ 2. humoral immunity B. B cells provide a defense against antigens and pathogens in body fluids _____ 3. innate (nonspecific) C. develops after exposure to antigens immunity in the environment _____ 4. passive immunity D. conferred by administration of antibodies to combat infection or prevent disease _____ 5. active immunity E. develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease _____ 6. artificially induced F. acquired by active or passive means active immunity _____ 7 naturally acquired G. conferred by transfer of maternal passive immunity antibodies across placenta or in breast milk _____ 8. artificially inducedy H. present at birth—no prior exposure passive immunit or antibody production involved _____ 9. naturally acquired I. produced by the transfer of antibodies active immunity to an individual from some other source

1-F, 2-B, 3-H, 4-I, 5-A, 6-E, 7-G, 8-D, 9-C

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

170/96 is a 50-year-old man

A) Large veins B) Arterioles C) Large arteries D) Capillaries 32) Site where resistance to blood flow is greatest. 33) Site where exchanges of food and gases are made. 34) Site where blood pressure is lowest. 35) Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest. 36) Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest. 37) Site where the blood volume is greatest. 38) Site where the blood pressure is greatest. 39) Site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance.

32) B 33) D 34) A 35) C 36) D 37) A 38) C 39) B

Discuss Blood Pressure including a definition, gradient, functions, measurements, equation, 2 important mechanisms for blood pressure control, 5 Factors that affect Blood Pressure, and Variations in Blood Pressure.

Blood pressure is the pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels and the force that causes blood to continue to flow in the blood vessels. The blood pressure gradient is when the blood is forced along a descending pressure gradient. Pressure in blood vessels decrease as distance from the heart increases. Pressure is high in the arteries, lower in the capillaries, and lowest in the veins.

Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes?

IgB

What is the advantage of the small diameter of capillaries?

It slows blood flow, allowing sufficient time for exchange of materials across capillary walls to occur.

Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________.

MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of _________.

T cells

Discuss the Blood Brain Barrier include a definition, anatomy, functions, general properties, what substances can break it down and what relationship it has with circumventricular organs.

The Blood Brain Barrier is a network of blood vessels and tissue that is made up of closely spaced cells and helps keep harmful substances from reaching the brain. The BBB is self-permeable. Capillaries are lined with endothelial cells, have small spaces between each individual cells so substances can move readily between the inside and the outside of the vessels, In the brain, the endothelial cells fit tightly together, and substances cannot pass out of the bloodstream. Glial cells form a layer around brain blood vessels forming the BBB. The functions of the BBB are that it protects the brain from "foreign substances", hormones & neurotransmitters maintains a constant environment for the brain. The general functions of the BBB: Large molecules do not pass through the BBB easily, low lipid soluble molecules do not penetrate into the brain, lipid soluble molecules, such as barbiturate drugs, alcohol, and some heavy metals rapidly cross through the brain, molecules that have a high electrical charge are slowed. What the BBB can be broken down by: hypertension, development, hyperosmolitity, microwaves, radiation, infection, trauma. Circumventricular organs - weak areas in the brain: these areas allows substances to cross into the brain somewhat freely. AKA "circumventricular organs". Through the circumventricular organs the brain is able to monitor the makeup of the blood. CO include: midline structures bordering the 3rd and 4th ventricles.

Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies?

The constant regions form an antigen-binding site

In which of the following would vascular resistance be the least?

a vessels 1 cm in diameter

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ______.

acute inflammation

Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type of transfused and clumped?

agglutination

During the secondary response to antigens following a previous initial exposure,

an immediate rise in IgG concentrations occurs

Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called _______.

anaphylactic shock

Humoral immunity is provided by ________.

antibodies

Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses?

antibody production

A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response.

antigen

The major role of ________ cells is to engulf antigens and present pieces of them to the cells that will deal with those fragments.

antigen-presenting

Which of the following is often used to treat allergies?

antihistamines

Fenestrated capillaries _______.

are not found in the brain

Which vessel type typically has an internal diameter of about 30 um and has a tunica media comprised of 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cell?

arterioles

What is the chief way the body responds to antigens?

complement fixation

The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ______.

completement fixation

Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?

constant

Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called _______.

cytotoxic T cells

The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________.

diapedesis

Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called _______.

edema

Thick-walled vessels, which are large and extremely resilient, are called __________ arteries

elastic

Which of the following is not one of the factors on blood pressure?

emotion

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called _________.

helper T cells

What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens?

helper T cells

Shock is an acute circulatory crisis marked by

hypotension and inadequate peripheral blood flow

Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be ________.

immunocompetent

T cells of B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigens by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered

immunocompetent

Blood flow to the skin ______.

increases when environmental temperature rises

The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by _________.

individual genetic makeup

Small proteins known as ______ are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not been infected

interferons

What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells?

interferons

Brain blood flow autoregulation _______.

is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist

IgE ________.

is involved in allergies

In general, for a vessel of a given size, a typical artery _______ compared to a typical vein.

is more elastic

The adaptive (specific) defense system ______.

issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances

Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by _________.

lymph nodes

The third line of defense involves the adaptive response mediate by _______.

lymphocytes

Antigen-presenting cells behave as ________.

macrophages

Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed ________.

naturally acquired active immunity

Which of the following is not a route substances take to enter or leave the blood?

nerve impulses

The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called ________.

neutralization

Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________.

passive immunity

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called

pathogens

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is the

pulse pressure

The _______ duct drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax.

right lymphatic

The inflammatory process begins with the release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT _______.

stimulate release of lysozyme

Which of the following is the top number in a blood pressure reading?

systolic pressure

The pulse pressure is ________.

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

The term "blood pressure" refers to the pressure in the ______ of the cardiovascular system.

the arterial vessels

Lymphocytes are trained to be self-tolerant of _________.

the body's own cells

In a process called autoregulation, _______ in response to a decline in dissolved oxygen levels within a tissue.

the precapillary sphincter relax

The role of the ______ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

tonsils

The outermost layer of the arterial wall is the

tunica externa

The muscular layer of blood vessels is the

tunica media

Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have?

type I diabetes mellitus

Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive ________.

vaccines

Decrease in peripheral vein diameter is called

venoconstriction

Factors that aid venous return include all except _______.

venous valves

Blood flowing out of a capillary bed first enters structures called ________.

venules