A&P 2 FINAL

Activating the sympathetic nervous system

None of the above

Drugs that suppress breathing (including powerful pain medicines, such as narcotics, and "downers" such as benzodiazepines), especially when combined with alcohol will result in:

Respiratory acidosis

As respiratory increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen concentration of the blood increases

True

Cytotoxic T cells express CD 4 problems

True

Enzymes secreted by cells lining the small intestine are most active in an alkaline environment

True

In mammals, the "default" sex is female

True

In order for sound to reach the Organ of Corti, the stapes must vibrate the oval window and set the perilymph in motion

True

Respiratory compensation is the primary mechanism to correct metabolic al....

True

Visual perception is greatly dependent on experience

True

Phototransduction is the process

by which the photoreceptor cell is hyperpolarized by light

The most straight-forward pathway for the light information traveling from the retina is

c). photoreceptors, bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells

Endogenous antigens activate which cell type involved in adaptive immunity

cytotoxic T cells

A high hematocrit would indicate

decreased number of RBC, or decreased number of plasma proteins

Which set of factors would decrease stroke volume the most

decreased preload,increased afterload and decreased contractility.

Increasing the volume of the lungs and chest cavity:

decreases alveolar pressure below 760 mmHg.

Which of the below includes all the net products of glycosis

2 ATP, 2 NADH+H+, 2 pyruvate molecules

The sequence of events involved in the cAMP second messenger system

2) c) Ligand binding to receptor - activate G protein - activate adenylate cyclase - increase intracellular cAMP - activate protein kinase A - phosphorylate proteins

PCo2 is _____ in alveolar air and ____ in tissues

40 mmHg and 45 mmHg

Drinking seawater will result in ____ due to the actions of the hormone _____ causing _____ reabsorption of Na+ at the kidney

Dehydration, ADH, increased

Increasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will result in:

Increased reabsorption of water and solutes ??

Which type of immunity defends against any type of invader

innate

Bile salts from the liver and gall bladder aid in the digestion of ____ by inducing ____

lipids, emulsification

Where does the krebs cycle take place

mitochondria

These cells provide for the sense of smell

olfactory hair cells

You are an endocrinologist and a patient comes to you with symptoms of adrenal insufficiency; you take a blood sample and find that cortisol is low but ACTH levels are high, you would diagnose:

primary adrenal insufficiency

Respiratory acidosis is generally corrected by

renal compensation.

you interview a patient and her main complaint is the generation of vast quantities of dilute urine and the need to drink large amounts of water. Her blood glucose is normal. you tell her that she has ____ as a result of insufficient release of/or response to the hormone ____

diabetes insipidus, anti diuretic hormone ADH

Tidal volume is air

exchanged during normal breathing

As each atria contracts where does blood move

through atrioventricular valve flow to ventricles.when atria contracts.

This term means movement of substances from fluid in the renal tubule into blood

tubular secretion

Decreased secretion of aldosterone would result in a(n) ______ of blood ______

increase sodium

Which of the below would decrease stroke volume

increased after load

Which of the below structures acts to convert sound waves to vibrations

tympanic membrane

which of the following is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys

urea

Aortic blood pressure is highest during

ventricular systole

Chemiosmosis is

when large concentration gradients exists for H+ between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes

The major hormone that regulates water loss is

ADH

Which is most responsible for the formation of concentrated urine

ADH acting on the collecting duct

The following term refers to the pressure that must be overcome to eject blood from a ventricle

Afterload

Which of the following is used to promote Na reabsorption by the kidneys

Aldosterone

Fetal exposure to androgens (testosterone)

All of the above

Which molecules are absorbed directly into blood capillaries from the small intestine

All of these, maybe amino acids

Which of the following enzymes acts on glycogen and starches

Analase

Which hormone that is involved in salt and water balance is stimulated by increased osmolarity

Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)

Which of the following tissues are unipotential during mammalian fetal sexual differences

B and D, Wolffian ducts, Mullerian ducts

The chloride shift occurs when

Bicarbonate diffuses out of RBCs

The largest factor that promotes filtration of fluids out of the capillaries to interstitial fluid is

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes

Carbon dioxide + water <-> carbonic acid

Chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simple molecules and monomers known as ___ and ____ energy

Catabolism, liberate.

Which best describes the steps involved in destruction of a pathogen by a macrophage

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, killing

Facultative reabsorption of water occurs at the ____ and is regulated by _____

Collecting duct, ADH

Which of the following is the most efficient form of energy storage

Glycogen

A man is told that he is not secreting enough follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and that for this reason he may not be able to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

Immunological memory is only observed in Helper T cells

False

The majority of available experimental evidence suggests that sexual behavior and sexual identity in mammals is learned postnatally

False

all excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen, all excess amino acids as proteins, and triglycerides as lipids

False

Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting

Fibrinogen

Which of the following is not a component of blood

Formed elements or carbon dioxide

The functional unit of the kidney is called the nephron and its comprised of

Glomerulus

When blood glucose concentrations are low, the release of hormone ______ will result in ______

Glucagon , Gluconeogenesis.

Which molecules below do not serve as significant buffers in the body

Glucose

Most glucose that enters the liver is converted to

Glycogen

In anaerobic conditions, glucose catabolism includes

Glycolysis

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP

Glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

You have a patient whose breath smells like acetone. You note that she has uncontrollabled type 1 diabetes. You tell her that the reason her breath smells like acetone is because in order to deliver glucose to the body tissues, her liver is producing ____ which are the break down product of ____ catabolism and are used by non-liver cells to produce _____.

Ketones, lipids, glucose

This reaction uses acetyl co-A to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH+H+ and FADH2

Krebs cycle

Beta oxidation of which substrate generates ATP

Lipids

Which of the following is not a postabsorptive state reaction

Lipogenesis

This process is the synthesis of triglycerides.

Lipogenesis.

Which tissue express the enzyme glucose -6- phosphatase, resulting in the ability of glucose liberated from glycogen stores to enter the bloodstream?

Liver and skeletal muscle

Lipogenesis occurs when

More calories are consumed than required for ATP need, cellular ATP and glucose levels are high (LOOK UP)

Which of the following hormones causes regression of the male internal genitalia during development

Mullerian inhibiting hormone

This action makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis.

Opsonization

Water intoxication results in

Osmosis of water from ICF to ECF

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can result in ketosis because

Oxidation of fatty acids to make ATP results in ketone formation

Which of the following hormones increases smooth muscle contraction

Oxytocin

On an ECG, atrial depolarization is marked by

P wave

This layer of filtration membrane is an extension of a podocyte

Pedicels

There are three cell layers in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves

Retinal ganglion cells

This is the correct sequence of structures that the normal sequence of excitation to progress through the heart

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

In the absorptive state

Storage of energy is important

In the organ of corti, this membrane is attached to the hair cells

Tectorial

An XY individual with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) will develope

Testes, external female genitalia , male internal genitalia

The enteric nervous system regulates:

The digestive system

you are given two syringes each containing an unknown hormone. one syringe contains a steriod hormone and the other a peptide hormone. You can inject the hormone into lab rats and measure a response. what hormone is peptide?

The hormone that has the most rapid, but short duration response

Transferrin is used to

Trabsport ions

which of the following structures transmits dynamic equilibrium information to the brain

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Dietary lipids are composed of

a glycerol molecule with fatty acid chains

The absence of the SRY gene will result in:

a phenotypic female

Steroid hormones ...

act to alter transcription

The target of vaccines is the

adaptive immune system

This induces production of a specific antibody.

antigen

In the blood most CO2 is transported

as bicarbonate

Which structure of the nephron mediates facultative reabsorption of water and sodium

collecting duct

Facultative reabsorption of water occurs at the ____ and is regulated by ____

collecting duct, ADH

During cellular respiration (catabolizing glucose) no ATP molecules are generated:

during the linking phase

A preadolescent patient has a tumor in the pituitary gland that secretes excess growth hormone. If not treated and corrected prior to puberty this will result in

giantism

What hormone stimulates glycogenolysis

glucagon

The "brush border" in the small intestine is located on

microvilli