A&P 2 FINAL
Activating the sympathetic nervous system
None of the above
Drugs that suppress breathing (including powerful pain medicines, such as narcotics, and "downers" such as benzodiazepines), especially when combined with alcohol will result in:
Respiratory acidosis
As respiratory increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen concentration of the blood increases
True
Cytotoxic T cells express CD 4 problems
True
Enzymes secreted by cells lining the small intestine are most active in an alkaline environment
True
In mammals, the "default" sex is female
True
In order for sound to reach the Organ of Corti, the stapes must vibrate the oval window and set the perilymph in motion
True
Respiratory compensation is the primary mechanism to correct metabolic al....
True
Visual perception is greatly dependent on experience
True
Phototransduction is the process
by which the photoreceptor cell is hyperpolarized by light
The most straight-forward pathway for the light information traveling from the retina is
c). photoreceptors, bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells
Endogenous antigens activate which cell type involved in adaptive immunity
cytotoxic T cells
A high hematocrit would indicate
decreased number of RBC, or decreased number of plasma proteins
Which set of factors would decrease stroke volume the most
decreased preload,increased afterload and decreased contractility.
Increasing the volume of the lungs and chest cavity:
decreases alveolar pressure below 760 mmHg.
Which of the below includes all the net products of glycosis
2 ATP, 2 NADH+H+, 2 pyruvate molecules
The sequence of events involved in the cAMP second messenger system
2) c) Ligand binding to receptor - activate G protein - activate adenylate cyclase - increase intracellular cAMP - activate protein kinase A - phosphorylate proteins
PCo2 is _____ in alveolar air and ____ in tissues
40 mmHg and 45 mmHg
Drinking seawater will result in ____ due to the actions of the hormone _____ causing _____ reabsorption of Na+ at the kidney
Dehydration, ADH, increased
Increasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will result in:
Increased reabsorption of water and solutes ??
Which type of immunity defends against any type of invader
innate
Bile salts from the liver and gall bladder aid in the digestion of ____ by inducing ____
lipids, emulsification
Where does the krebs cycle take place
mitochondria
These cells provide for the sense of smell
olfactory hair cells
You are an endocrinologist and a patient comes to you with symptoms of adrenal insufficiency; you take a blood sample and find that cortisol is low but ACTH levels are high, you would diagnose:
primary adrenal insufficiency
Respiratory acidosis is generally corrected by
renal compensation.
you interview a patient and her main complaint is the generation of vast quantities of dilute urine and the need to drink large amounts of water. Her blood glucose is normal. you tell her that she has ____ as a result of insufficient release of/or response to the hormone ____
diabetes insipidus, anti diuretic hormone ADH
Tidal volume is air
exchanged during normal breathing
As each atria contracts where does blood move
through atrioventricular valve flow to ventricles.when atria contracts.
This term means movement of substances from fluid in the renal tubule into blood
tubular secretion
Decreased secretion of aldosterone would result in a(n) ______ of blood ______
increase sodium
Which of the below would decrease stroke volume
increased after load
Which of the below structures acts to convert sound waves to vibrations
tympanic membrane
which of the following is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys
urea
Aortic blood pressure is highest during
ventricular systole
Chemiosmosis is
when large concentration gradients exists for H+ between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes
The major hormone that regulates water loss is
ADH
Which is most responsible for the formation of concentrated urine
ADH acting on the collecting duct
The following term refers to the pressure that must be overcome to eject blood from a ventricle
Afterload
Which of the following is used to promote Na reabsorption by the kidneys
Aldosterone
Fetal exposure to androgens (testosterone)
All of the above
Which molecules are absorbed directly into blood capillaries from the small intestine
All of these, maybe amino acids
Which of the following enzymes acts on glycogen and starches
Analase
Which hormone that is involved in salt and water balance is stimulated by increased osmolarity
Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
Which of the following tissues are unipotential during mammalian fetal sexual differences
B and D, Wolffian ducts, Mullerian ducts
The chloride shift occurs when
Bicarbonate diffuses out of RBCs
The largest factor that promotes filtration of fluids out of the capillaries to interstitial fluid is
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes
Carbon dioxide + water <-> carbonic acid
Chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simple molecules and monomers known as ___ and ____ energy
Catabolism, liberate.
Which best describes the steps involved in destruction of a pathogen by a macrophage
Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, killing
Facultative reabsorption of water occurs at the ____ and is regulated by _____
Collecting duct, ADH
Which of the following is the most efficient form of energy storage
Glycogen
A man is told that he is not secreting enough follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and that for this reason he may not be able to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
Immunological memory is only observed in Helper T cells
False
The majority of available experimental evidence suggests that sexual behavior and sexual identity in mammals is learned postnatally
False
all excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen, all excess amino acids as proteins, and triglycerides as lipids
False
Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting
Fibrinogen
Which of the following is not a component of blood
Formed elements or carbon dioxide
The functional unit of the kidney is called the nephron and its comprised of
Glomerulus
When blood glucose concentrations are low, the release of hormone ______ will result in ______
Glucagon , Gluconeogenesis.
Which molecules below do not serve as significant buffers in the body
Glucose
Most glucose that enters the liver is converted to
Glycogen
In anaerobic conditions, glucose catabolism includes
Glycolysis
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP
Glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
You have a patient whose breath smells like acetone. You note that she has uncontrollabled type 1 diabetes. You tell her that the reason her breath smells like acetone is because in order to deliver glucose to the body tissues, her liver is producing ____ which are the break down product of ____ catabolism and are used by non-liver cells to produce _____.
Ketones, lipids, glucose
This reaction uses acetyl co-A to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH+H+ and FADH2
Krebs cycle
Beta oxidation of which substrate generates ATP
Lipids
Which of the following is not a postabsorptive state reaction
Lipogenesis
This process is the synthesis of triglycerides.
Lipogenesis.
Which tissue express the enzyme glucose -6- phosphatase, resulting in the ability of glucose liberated from glycogen stores to enter the bloodstream?
Liver and skeletal muscle
Lipogenesis occurs when
More calories are consumed than required for ATP need, cellular ATP and glucose levels are high (LOOK UP)
Which of the following hormones causes regression of the male internal genitalia during development
Mullerian inhibiting hormone
This action makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis.
Opsonization
Water intoxication results in
Osmosis of water from ICF to ECF
Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can result in ketosis because
Oxidation of fatty acids to make ATP results in ketone formation
Which of the following hormones increases smooth muscle contraction
Oxytocin
On an ECG, atrial depolarization is marked by
P wave
This layer of filtration membrane is an extension of a podocyte
Pedicels
There are three cell layers in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves
Retinal ganglion cells
This is the correct sequence of structures that the normal sequence of excitation to progress through the heart
SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
In the absorptive state
Storage of energy is important
In the organ of corti, this membrane is attached to the hair cells
Tectorial
An XY individual with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) will develope
Testes, external female genitalia , male internal genitalia
The enteric nervous system regulates:
The digestive system
you are given two syringes each containing an unknown hormone. one syringe contains a steriod hormone and the other a peptide hormone. You can inject the hormone into lab rats and measure a response. what hormone is peptide?
The hormone that has the most rapid, but short duration response
Transferrin is used to
Trabsport ions
which of the following structures transmits dynamic equilibrium information to the brain
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Dietary lipids are composed of
a glycerol molecule with fatty acid chains
The absence of the SRY gene will result in:
a phenotypic female
Steroid hormones ...
act to alter transcription
The target of vaccines is the
adaptive immune system
This induces production of a specific antibody.
antigen
In the blood most CO2 is transported
as bicarbonate
Which structure of the nephron mediates facultative reabsorption of water and sodium
collecting duct
Facultative reabsorption of water occurs at the ____ and is regulated by ____
collecting duct, ADH
During cellular respiration (catabolizing glucose) no ATP molecules are generated:
during the linking phase
A preadolescent patient has a tumor in the pituitary gland that secretes excess growth hormone. If not treated and corrected prior to puberty this will result in
giantism
What hormone stimulates glycogenolysis
glucagon
The "brush border" in the small intestine is located on
microvilli