A&P 2 Test 4 Study Guide

Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries. (Module 24.8B)

Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.

A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

The vagina is

a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia.

Where does filtration exclusively occur in the kidney? (Module 24.7B)

across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle

When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.

alkalosis

The hemoglobin buffer system exists in

both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.

A(n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.

buffer system

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the

bulbourethral glands.

Increased blood volume will

decrease thirst

What uterine cycle event occurs when estrogen and progesterone decrease? (Module 26.15B)

destruction of the functional layer and menstruation

With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the

digestive tract.

The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the

ductus deferens.

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

efferent arteriole.

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?

excretes abundant protein molecules

If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with?

external urethral sphincter

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

intracellular

What has to happen to the external urethral sphincter to allow urination? (Module 24.16B)

it must be consciously stimulated to relax

Which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.5A)

kidneys

The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are

located partly within the pelvic cavity.

________ is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the endometrium.

menstruation

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks

metabolic alkalosis.

In a spermatozoan, activity in the ________ provides energy required to move the tail.

mitochondria

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the

nephron loop (loop of Henle)

All of the following factors are consistent with hyperkalemia except

overuse of diuretics.

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

papillary duct

Identify the functions of the vagina. (Module 26.13B)

passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids, receives the penis during sexual intercourse, and forms the inferior portion of the birth canal

The organ that delivers semen into the female reproductive tract is the

penis

Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by

peristaltic contractions

Identify the body's three major buffer systems. (Module 25.8A)

phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

What are the functions of the gonads? (Module 26.1A)

produce and store gametes

After ovulation, the ovary secretes

progesterone

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

renal pyramids.

Which of the following is not a function of the ovaries?

responding directly to GnRH

Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid.

secretion

Spermatids mature into spermatozoa by the process of

spermiogenesis.

With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is

the kidneys

What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum? (Module 24.2A)

the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum

A sample of a woman's blood is analyzed for reproductive hormone levels. The results indicate a high level of progesterone, relatively high levels of inhibin, and low levels of FSH and LH. The female is most likely experiencing ________ of the uterine cycle.

the secretory phase

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "renal papilla"?

tip of the medullary pyramid

Hyperventilation will ________ pH.

to raise, increase

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

transitional

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the

trigone

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

ureters

The male reproductive system is most closely associated with which of the following systems?

urinary

Urine is temporarily stored in the

urinary bladder

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine: 1) minor calyx 2) renal pelvis 3) ureter 4) major calyx 5) renal papilla

5,1,4,2,3

Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false?

About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty.

Define acidemia and alkalemia. (Module 25.7A)

Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45.

What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.4B)

Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF.

Summarize the relationship between PCO2 levels and pH. (Module 25.7C)

An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH.

What are the functions of the bulbo-urethral glands? (Module 26.5B)

Bulbo-urethral glands produce mucus that neutralizes acid in the urethra and lubricates the penis.

Explain dehydration and its effect on the osmotic concentration of blood. (Module 25.2C)

Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase.

Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system? (Module 25.8B)

ICF, Urine

What effect does an increase in ADH levels have on the DCT? (Module 24.12C)

Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume.

Describe metabolic alkalosis. (Module 25.9B)

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated.

The reproductive system does not include

None of the answers is correct.

The principal cation in cytoplasm is

Potassium

Cite the similarities that exist between certain structures in the reproductive systems of females and males. (Module 26.13C)

The greater vestibular glands in females are similar to the bulbo-urethral glands in males and the both male penis and female clitoris contain erectile tissue.

Define vasectomy. (Module 26.16C)

Vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of males by cutting the ductus deferens.

Identify routes of fluid loss from the body. (Module 25.2A)

Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces.

What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF? (Module 25.7B)

carbonic acid

The afferent arteriole in the kidney

carries blood to the glomerulus

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and

chloride.

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

The outermost layer of the kidney is the

fibrous capsule

Small amounts of ________ acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups

fixed

Fertilization of an ovum usually takes place in the

uterine tube