A&P 2 Test 4 Study Guide
Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries. (Module 24.8B)
Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.
A glomerulus is
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
The vagina is
a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia.
Where does filtration exclusively occur in the kidney? (Module 24.7B)
across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle
When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.
alkalosis
The hemoglobin buffer system exists in
both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.
A(n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.
buffer system
The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the
bulbourethral glands.
Increased blood volume will
decrease thirst
What uterine cycle event occurs when estrogen and progesterone decrease? (Module 26.15B)
destruction of the functional layer and menstruation
With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the
digestive tract.
The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the
ductus deferens.
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
efferent arteriole.
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
excretes abundant protein molecules
If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with?
external urethral sphincter
About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.
intracellular
What has to happen to the external urethral sphincter to allow urination? (Module 24.16B)
it must be consciously stimulated to relax
Which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.5A)
kidneys
The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to
limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are
located partly within the pelvic cavity.
________ is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the endometrium.
menstruation
A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks
metabolic alkalosis.
In a spermatozoan, activity in the ________ provides energy required to move the tail.
mitochondria
The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
All of the following factors are consistent with hyperkalemia except
overuse of diuretics.
The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.
papillary duct
Identify the functions of the vagina. (Module 26.13B)
passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids, receives the penis during sexual intercourse, and forms the inferior portion of the birth canal
The organ that delivers semen into the female reproductive tract is the
penis
Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by
peristaltic contractions
Identify the body's three major buffer systems. (Module 25.8A)
phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
What are the functions of the gonads? (Module 26.1A)
produce and store gametes
After ovulation, the ovary secretes
progesterone
Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called
renal pyramids.
Which of the following is not a function of the ovaries?
responding directly to GnRH
Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid.
secretion
Spermatids mature into spermatozoa by the process of
spermiogenesis.
With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is
the kidneys
What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum? (Module 24.2A)
the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum
A sample of a woman's blood is analyzed for reproductive hormone levels. The results indicate a high level of progesterone, relatively high levels of inhibin, and low levels of FSH and LH. The female is most likely experiencing ________ of the uterine cycle.
the secretory phase
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "renal papilla"?
tip of the medullary pyramid
Hyperventilation will ________ pH.
to raise, increase
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.
transitional
The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the
trigone
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
ureters
The male reproductive system is most closely associated with which of the following systems?
urinary
Urine is temporarily stored in the
urinary bladder
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.
Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine: 1) minor calyx 2) renal pelvis 3) ureter 4) major calyx 5) renal papilla
5,1,4,2,3
Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false?
About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty.
Define acidemia and alkalemia. (Module 25.7A)
Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45.
What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.4B)
Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF.
Summarize the relationship between PCO2 levels and pH. (Module 25.7C)
An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH.
What are the functions of the bulbo-urethral glands? (Module 26.5B)
Bulbo-urethral glands produce mucus that neutralizes acid in the urethra and lubricates the penis.
Explain dehydration and its effect on the osmotic concentration of blood. (Module 25.2C)
Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase.
Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system? (Module 25.8B)
ICF, Urine
What effect does an increase in ADH levels have on the DCT? (Module 24.12C)
Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume.
Describe metabolic alkalosis. (Module 25.9B)
Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated.
The reproductive system does not include
None of the answers is correct.
The principal cation in cytoplasm is
Potassium
Cite the similarities that exist between certain structures in the reproductive systems of females and males. (Module 26.13C)
The greater vestibular glands in females are similar to the bulbo-urethral glands in males and the both male penis and female clitoris contain erectile tissue.
Define vasectomy. (Module 26.16C)
Vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of males by cutting the ductus deferens.
Identify routes of fluid loss from the body. (Module 25.2A)
Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces.
What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF? (Module 25.7B)
carbonic acid
The afferent arteriole in the kidney
carries blood to the glomerulus
The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and
chloride.
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?
consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
The outermost layer of the kidney is the
fibrous capsule
Small amounts of ________ acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups
fixed
Fertilization of an ovum usually takes place in the
uterine tube