a&p 4

Intracellular fluid (ICE) is found only within

the cells of the body

Which of the following is greater? (regarding concentration of solute in loop of henle)

the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle,

the functional zone of the endometrium is restored

The process of filtration occurs at

the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

absence of ADH

Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane.

albumin

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?

aldosterone

When the pH of blood plasma is at 7.50:

alkalemia exists.

A balanced diet should

all of the above

Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties?

all of the above

In the human body, cholesterol is important because it

all of the above

On a tour of African countries, Don contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in

all of the above

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

all of the above

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

all of the above

The clitoris

all of the above

The extracellular fluid (ECE) consists of the

all of the above

The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group?

all of the above

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by

all of the above

Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe

all of the above

During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space?

an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium

Which factor controlling glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is usually 0 mm Hg under normal circumstances?

capsular colloid osmotic pressure

The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the

cervix

Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible?

chronic renal failure

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the

chylomicrons

Which renal structure begins in the renal cortex, and carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla?

collecting duct

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

Which of the following activities expends the greatest amount of energy, as in calories per hour?

competitive swimming

The detrusor muscle

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

Which primary mechanism of heat transfer is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact?

conduction

Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?

copper

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

cotransport with Na ions

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.

glucose

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout

Which of the following basic food groups provides complete proteins?

meats and beans

The ______ control(s) capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow.

mesangial cells

Severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to

metabolic acidosis.

The ______ collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe.

minor calyx

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

Hormonal or metabolic complications such as those associated with diabetes or glomerulonephritis result in:

polyuria

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the

postabsorptive state.

Which of the following bulk minerals has the highest recommended dietary allowance (RDA), at 4700 mg?

potassium

The principal cation in cytoplasm is

potassium.

Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of

progesterone

Which nervous system structure(s) relays the sensation of urinary bladder fullness to the cerebral cortex in the micturition reflex?

projection fibers

During the micturition reflex,

stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord

During lipolysis

triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

urea

Urine is eliminated through the

urethra

Which of the following nitrogenous wastes has the lowest concentration (mg/dL) in normal urine?

uric acid

Identify the structure labeled "12."

vagina

The vulva includes all of the following, except the

vagina

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of

vitamin A

Beriberi is an effect of deficiency of which water-soluble vitamin?

vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Which fat-soluble vitamin is essential for liver synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors?

vitamin K

For children there are ________ essential amino acids.

10

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

180

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

20

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is

4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.

Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH?

5 and 6

What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc) are reabsorbed in the PCT?

99%

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

A

________ is an immediately life-threatening condition, however, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible.

Acute renal failure

______ deliver blood to the glomerulus.

Afferent arterioles

An excess of which water-soluble vitamin results in polycythemia?

B12 (cobalamin)

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.

D

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin

E

Which electrolyte is absorbed along the digestive tract via active transport only?

Fe2+

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Which is correct regarding surgical sterilization in males?

In a vasectomy, each ductus deferens is cut and either a segment is removed (and the ends tied or cauterized) or silicone plugs are inserted

Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-gain center?

In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases.

Why is glucose the primary energy source for cells?

It can be efficiently stored as glycogen, which forms compact, insoluble granules.

Which statement regarding long-term regulation of appetite is true?

Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissues as they synthesize triglycerides, stimulates the satiety center.

Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion?

Na+-H+ countertransport

Choose the correct characteristic regarding the short-term mechanism of control of the hypothalamic satiety and feeding centers.

Several hormones of the digestive tract, including CCK, suppress appetite during the absorptive state.

Choose the correct statement regarding testicular cancer.

Testicular cancer is the most common cancer among males aged 15-35.

Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-loss center?

The respiratory centers are stimulated.

Which statement accurately describes responses to metabolic acidosis?

The respiratory response to acidosis involves lowering the PCO2

Choose the correct statement regarding glycolysis.

There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule converted to two molecules of pyruvate

The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

True

When chyme arrives in the duodenum, CCK release triggers the secretion of which enzyme?

When chyme arrives in the duodenum, CCK release triggers the secretion of which enzyme?

The general characteristics of normal urine do not include which of the following?

a volume of 100-250 mL/day

As diffusion takes place across the dialysis membrane, which of the following diffuse(s) into the bloodstream?

bicarbonate ions

The process of filtration is driven by

blood hydrostatic pressure

The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

both decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

Which of the following is an extensive mesentery that attaches to the sides and floor of the pelvic cavity?

broad ligament

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

buffer

Protein buffer systems:

depend on the ability of amino acids to respond to pH changes by accepting or releasing H+.

The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes.

dysuria

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of

essential fatty acids.

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

fats

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is

folic acid (folate).

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures: Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as

hypervitaminosis.

Antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

In most tissues, the transport of glucose into the cell is dependent on the presence of a carrier protein that is stimulated by which of the following?

insulin

Convection:

is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body.

Regarding potassium balance:

it exists when the rate of urinary potassium excretion matches the rate of digestive tract absorption

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

Urea is formed in the

liver.

Which uterine structure provides much of the force needed to move a fetus out of the uterus and into the vagina?

myometrium

Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

natriuretic peptides

Which of the following reabsorbs 25% of the water in the nephron?

nephron loop

What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule?

number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane

When pure water is consumed,

osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers

ovulation

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

peritubular

To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties should this substance not have in order to be effective?

permeable to brain plasma membranes

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

pyramids

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

pyridoxine (B6)

The proximal convoluted tubule is the main region responsible for _____ .

reabsorbing nutrients.

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle.

An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

renal failure

Identify the structure labeled "9."

renal pelvis

Hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis.

A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for

respiratory alkalosis

Consuming a meal high in salt will

result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which of the following disorders?

rickets

The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes?

sodium

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

sodium ions

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except

stem cell movements

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

the kidneys

During the absorptive state,

the liver forms glycogen and insulin levels are elevated.

During the menses

the old functional layer is sloughed off.

In the renal response to metabolic acidosis:

the renal tubule cells increase the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the ECF.

The filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle has:

the same osmotic concentration as plasma

The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms?

the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

the ureters

Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways?

transcellular

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid.

transferred to another molecule