a&p 4
Intracellular fluid (ICE) is found only within
the cells of the body
Which of the following is greater? (regarding concentration of solute in loop of henle)
the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle,
the functional zone of the endometrium is restored
The process of filtration occurs at
the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to
absence of ADH
Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane.
albumin
Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?
aldosterone
When the pH of blood plasma is at 7.50:
alkalemia exists.
A balanced diet should
all of the above
Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties?
all of the above
In the human body, cholesterol is important because it
all of the above
On a tour of African countries, Don contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in
all of the above
Secretion of potassium into the urine is
all of the above
Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include
all of the above
The clitoris
all of the above
The extracellular fluid (ECE) consists of the
all of the above
The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group?
all of the above
The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by
all of the above
Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe
all of the above
During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space?
an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium
Which factor controlling glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is usually 0 mm Hg under normal circumstances?
capsular colloid osmotic pressure
The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the
cervix
Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible?
chronic renal failure
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the
chylomicrons
Which renal structure begins in the renal cortex, and carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla?
collecting duct
Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?
collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
Which of the following activities expends the greatest amount of energy, as in calories per hour?
competitive swimming
The detrusor muscle
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra
Which primary mechanism of heat transfer is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact?
conduction
Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?
copper
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by
cotransport with Na ions
Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.
glucose
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as
gout
Which of the following basic food groups provides complete proteins?
meats and beans
The ______ control(s) capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow.
mesangial cells
Severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to
metabolic acidosis.
The ______ collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe.
minor calyx
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
Hormonal or metabolic complications such as those associated with diabetes or glomerulonephritis result in:
polyuria
When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the
postabsorptive state.
Which of the following bulk minerals has the highest recommended dietary allowance (RDA), at 4700 mg?
potassium
The principal cation in cytoplasm is
potassium.
Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of
progesterone
Which nervous system structure(s) relays the sensation of urinary bladder fullness to the cerebral cortex in the micturition reflex?
projection fibers
During the micturition reflex,
stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord
During lipolysis
triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces
urea
Urine is eliminated through the
urethra
Which of the following nitrogenous wastes has the lowest concentration (mg/dL) in normal urine?
uric acid
Identify the structure labeled "12."
vagina
The vulva includes all of the following, except the
vagina
Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of
vitamin A
Beriberi is an effect of deficiency of which water-soluble vitamin?
vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Which fat-soluble vitamin is essential for liver synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors?
vitamin K
For children there are ________ essential amino acids.
10
Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.
180
Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.
20
The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is
4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.
Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH?
5 and 6
What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc) are reabsorbed in the PCT?
99%
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin
A
________ is an immediately life-threatening condition, however, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible.
Acute renal failure
______ deliver blood to the glomerulus.
Afferent arterioles
An excess of which water-soluble vitamin results in polycythemia?
B12 (cobalamin)
Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.
D
The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin
E
Which electrolyte is absorbed along the digestive tract via active transport only?
Fe2+
________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Which is correct regarding surgical sterilization in males?
In a vasectomy, each ductus deferens is cut and either a segment is removed (and the ends tied or cauterized) or silicone plugs are inserted
Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-gain center?
In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases.
Why is glucose the primary energy source for cells?
It can be efficiently stored as glycogen, which forms compact, insoluble granules.
Which statement regarding long-term regulation of appetite is true?
Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissues as they synthesize triglycerides, stimulates the satiety center.
Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion?
Na+-H+ countertransport
Choose the correct characteristic regarding the short-term mechanism of control of the hypothalamic satiety and feeding centers.
Several hormones of the digestive tract, including CCK, suppress appetite during the absorptive state.
Choose the correct statement regarding testicular cancer.
Testicular cancer is the most common cancer among males aged 15-35.
Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-loss center?
The respiratory centers are stimulated.
Which statement accurately describes responses to metabolic acidosis?
The respiratory response to acidosis involves lowering the PCO2
Choose the correct statement regarding glycolysis.
There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule converted to two molecules of pyruvate
The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.
True
When chyme arrives in the duodenum, CCK release triggers the secretion of which enzyme?
When chyme arrives in the duodenum, CCK release triggers the secretion of which enzyme?
The general characteristics of normal urine do not include which of the following?
a volume of 100-250 mL/day
As diffusion takes place across the dialysis membrane, which of the following diffuse(s) into the bloodstream?
bicarbonate ions
The process of filtration is driven by
blood hydrostatic pressure
The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the body to
both decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of
both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Which of the following is an extensive mesentery that attaches to the sides and floor of the pelvic cavity?
broad ligament
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)
buffer
Protein buffer systems:
depend on the ability of amino acids to respond to pH changes by accepting or releasing H+.
The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes.
dysuria
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of
essential fatty acids.
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
fats
The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is
folic acid (folate).
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures: Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as
hypervitaminosis.
Antidiuretic hormone
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water
In most tissues, the transport of glucose into the cell is dependent on the presence of a carrier protein that is stimulated by which of the following?
insulin
Convection:
is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body.
Regarding potassium balance:
it exists when the rate of urinary potassium excretion matches the rate of digestive tract absorption
The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to
limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
Urea is formed in the
liver.
Which uterine structure provides much of the force needed to move a fetus out of the uterus and into the vagina?
myometrium
Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?
natriuretic peptides
Which of the following reabsorbs 25% of the water in the nephron?
nephron loop
What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule?
number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane
When pure water is consumed,
osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,
osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers
ovulation
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.
peritubular
To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties should this substance not have in order to be effective?
permeable to brain plasma membranes
Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called
pyramids
A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is
pyridoxine (B6)
The proximal convoluted tubule is the main region responsible for _____ .
reabsorbing nutrients.
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
renal corpuscle.
An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is
renal failure
Identify the structure labeled "9."
renal pelvis
Hypoventilation leads to
respiratory acidosis.
A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for
respiratory alkalosis
Consuming a meal high in salt will
result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which of the following disorders?
rickets
The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes?
sodium
The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of
sodium ions
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except
stem cell movements
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by
the kidneys
During the absorptive state,
the liver forms glycogen and insulin levels are elevated.
During the menses
the old functional layer is sloughed off.
In the renal response to metabolic acidosis:
the renal tubule cells increase the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the ECF.
The filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle has:
the same osmotic concentration as plasma
The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms?
the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
the ureters
Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways?
transcellular
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid.
transferred to another molecule
