A&P 6 Bone and Bone Tissue
Hematopoiesis
Blood cell formation is called _____.
Osteoclasts
Bone destroying/breaking down cells
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells
Projections
Bone markings that grow outward form bone
Flat
Bone that is spongy in the center surrounded by 2 layers of compact bone.
Lamellae
Hard bone matrix in concentric rings
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Head (humerous)
What are the four steps of healing a bone fracture?
Hematoma formation Fibrocartilaginous callus formation Bony Callus formation Bone remodeling
Diffusion
How does spongy bone get wastes and nutrients in/out?
What's the most prevalent type of cartilage?
Hyaline
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
Skeletal Cartilage
Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage are considered the 3 forms of what?
Calcium Salts
Hydroxyapatites are also known as ....
Osteogenic
Inner layer of the periosteum (next to the bone surface) composed of osteoclasts and osteoblasts is also called the _____ layer.
Growth from within occurs when the chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage
Interstitial growth
Incomplete lamellae lying between the cylindrical osteons
Interstitial lamellae
Epiphyseal Line
Junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis. Remnant of Epiphyseal plate.
Osteocytes are the mature bone cells occupying the small spaces in the solid matrix called
Lacuna
Femur
Largest Bone in your body
Perichondrium
Layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone and resists expansion
Tendons/Ligaments
Lots of Sharpey's fibers occur where T/L insert
Periosteum
Lots of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves can enter bone through small openings in this.
Hydroxyapatites
Makes bone hard (Scientific sounding name)
Osteoid
Matrix of bone is called _____.
Canal-like passageway
Meatus (external auditory)
Matrix
Minerals are stored in the ____ of bones.
Short
Mostly Spongy, cubelike bone that contains thin compact bone on surfaces. Makes up your wrist and ankle
Long
Mostly compact bone that is longer than it is wide. Makes up all bones of limbs except patella/wrist/ankle.
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Notch
206
Number of bones in the body
Alkaline Phosphatase
Osteoblasts secrete this
Periosteum/Matrix
Osteoblasts underneath the _____ secret bony _____ on the external bone surface. (_/_) during appositional growth
Lysosomal
Osteoclasts secrete _____ enzymes during bone reabsorption.
Hydrochloric Acid
Osteoclasts secrete this in addition to lysosomal enzymes during bone reabsorption.
Lacunae
Osteocytes are located in _____ between the lamellae.
What two terms refer to the process of bone formation?
Osteognesis Ossification
Depressions/Openings
Other bone markings : (D/O)
Endosteum
Part of bone that is responsible for bone reabsorption. Lines the medullary cavity, canals, and covers the trabeculae of spongy bone.
What type of membrane is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels?
Periosteum
Any bone prominence
Process
Heads Trochancters Spines
Projections
Armlike bar of bone
Ramus (pubis)
Volkmann's Canals
Runs at right angles to long axis of bone. Connects the nerves and the blood vessels of the periosteum to Haversian canals and medullary cavity.
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Sinus (nasal)
Water
Skeletal Cartilage is resilient because it's mostly made of this
Hyaline
Skeletal Cartilage that is embryonic, nasal, costa, articular, or respiratory
Pagets Disease
Soft bones due to excess bone reabsorption
Sesamoid
Special short bones embedded in the tendon or joint capsule (patella)
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Spine (vertebrae)
Osteoclasts
Spongy bone is formed and digested by ______ in the growth of long bones.
Alkaline Phosphatase
Substance tells cells to pull calcium salts from the blood and deposit them in the matrix
What are six bone functions?
Support Movement Protection Mineral Storage Blood cell formation and energy storage
Central Canal
Surrounded by lamellae and runs parallel with long axis of bone. It contains blood vessels and nerves.
Long
The Femur is a type of ____ bone.
Hypertrophy/Calcifies
The chondrocytes ______ and the matrix _____ during the growth in the length of long bones. (_/_)
Epiphyses
The ends of long bones made up of thin, compact bone on the outer layer and spongy bone inside.
(T/F) yellow bones marrow fills the medullary cavities of the femurs and humerus in adults
True
True
True/False. Skeletal Cartilage lacks blood vessels and nerves
Small rounded projection or process
Tubercle (adductor)
Large rounded projection, may be roughened
Tuberosity (Tibial)
Flat
Type of Bone that makes up your skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae
Fibrocartilage
Type of Cartilage found in the knee and discs surrounding the vertebrae.
Compact
Type of Osseous tissue (outer layer) that is dense, smooth, and homogenous
Irregular
Type of bone found in the vertebrae, hip, and some skull (facial area).
Appositional
Type of bone growth in diameter
Longitudinal
Type of bone growth where the length of the bone grows.
Elastic
Type of cartilage found in the ear and epiglottis
Mesenchymal
Type of cells that become Osteoblasts.
Yellow
Type of marrow in the medullary cavity
Red
Type of marrow located within spongy bone/trabeculae cavities.
Irregular
Type of mostly spongy bone that is not like the other categories of bone.
Spongy
Type of osseous tissue (internal) that has small, flat, needlelike pieces of bone (trabeculae). Contains lots of open spaces filled by yellow or red marrow and blood vessels.
the passageways that carry blood and nutrients from the bone's exterior to the osteocytes are...
Volkman canals
Rapid division of ____ push the epiphysis away from the ____
chondroblasts diaphysis
"Healing" typically means what in cartilage?
chondrocytes secreting additional extracellular matrix
Diaphysis configuration
collar of compact surrounds central medullary or marrow cavity
Which type of fracture is most likely to occur in a car accident?
comminuted fracture
The osteogenic layer abuts the ____ ___ and contains bone depositing cells known as ____ and ____ that are responsible for bone remodeling
compact bone osteoblasts osteroclasts
How are compact bone and spongy bone distributed in long bones?
compact bone exterior spongy bone interior
What type of membrane covers the internal bone structures?
edosteum
what is the difference between the elastic cartilage matrix and hyaline cartilage matrix?
elastic has more elastic fibers
Each osteon is an ___ ___ and runs ____ to the long axis of the bone
elongated cylinder parallel
When the cartilage model of the bone is replaced by bone
endochondral ossification
Cartilage replacement bones are also known as
endochondrial bones
Where can spongy bone be located?
ends of long bones surrounding medullary cavity
What separates the diaphysis and epiphysis?
epiphyseal line
Why do bones stop growing?
epiphyseal plates become thinner and cartilage stops growing
How often is compact bone replaced?
every 10 years
How often is spongy bone replaced?
every 3 years
What is stored in the marrow cavity in adults?
fat
cartilage that forms the embryonic skeleton
fetal
in a developing fetus, the bones of the skull and face begin as...
fibrous connective tissue
Which classification of bone protects organs or provides a large surface area for the attachment of muscles?
flat bones
Bones act as a ____ that supports the ____ and ___ ___
frame body internal organs
What kind of junctions are present in compact bone?
gap junctions
osteons form a concentric rings surrounding a central canal known as
lamella
oteoclasts
large cells which reabsorb matrix
Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest
line (intertrochanteric)
What are the four classification of bone shape?
long short flat irregular
the process of endochondral ossification begins in...
long bones
Long bone shape
long shaft with two distinct ends
The shaft of the bone
long tubular diaphysis
osteocytes
mature cells
Typically occurs when bones experience an increase in load...
osteocytes become more active creating new bone
The structural unit of compact bone
osteon Haversian system
Canals that lie at right angles to long axis of bone and connect vascular supply of the periosteum to the central canal and medullary cavity
Volkmann's canal
What makes cartilage so resilient after compression?
Water
Primary Ossification Center
When mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts, the middle of the membrane is called the
Anemia
Why would Yellow marrow turn to red?
Articular
_____ cartilage covers the epiphyses of long bones.
Thyroid
_____ hormones modulate growth hormones.
Hematopoiesis
_____ is a function of bone responsible for blood cell formation.
Spongy
______ bone has irregularly arranged lamellae and consists of trabeculae. Contains no osteons.
Protection
______ is a function of bone that prevents the brain, spinal cord, and other vital organs of the thorax from experiencing damage or trauma
Storage
______ is a function of bone that stores fat and other minerals (Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Magnesium, etc.)
Support
______ is a function of bones that supports/anchors all soft organs of the body.
Movement
_______ is a function of bones where the skeleton is used as levers by muscles to move body
Wolff's law says:
a bone grows remodels in response to the forces which act upon it
Which of the following is not a component of bone matrix? a) elastic fibers b) collagen fibers c) crystalline slats d) phosphate
a) elastic fibers
Examples of membrane bones are
all the bones of the skull (except a few at the base) clavicles
bone lengthening stops when...
all the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate calcifies
what do osteoblasts produce?
bone tissue for the circumferential lamellae
The arrangement of ___ and ___ determine the movements possible
bones joints
osteoblasts
bud cells
in a developing fetus, most bones begin as...
cartilage
Fibrocartilage consists of ____ rows of thick collagen fibers alternating with rows of ____
parallel chondrocytes
What is cartilage surround by and what type of tissue is it made of?
perichondrium dense irregular connective tissue
Short bone shape
roughly cubelike
How are compact bone and spongy bone distributed in flat bones?
sandwich compact bone is bread spongy bone is filling
What influences the grow at adolescent growth spurts
sex hormones
What types of fibers secure the periosteum to the underlying bone?
sharpey's fibers
What types of bones don't have epiphysis or marrow cavities?
short irregular flat
trabeculae are arranged in a way so as to...
strengthen bone
Trabeculae align along lines of
stress
What are the two sublayers of membranes in a bone?
superficial osteogenic
cartilage that reinforce respiratory passages
tracheal and bronchial
uncomplicated fractures heal in...
8 to 12 weeks
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
3 Types of Skeletal Cartilage (H, E, F)
bone formation begins at about...
3 month's gestation
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular
4 Types of bone: (L, S, F, I)
(T/F) yellow bone marrow has the potential to change back into red marrow
True
Canaliculi
Allows diffusion of wastes and nutrients in bone and keeps osteocytes all over bone well nourished.
Haversian System
Another name for Osteon
Haversian Canal
Another name for the central canal.
What are the two types of cartilage growth?
Appositional Interstitial
Perichondrium
Appositional Growth of Cartilage is performed by the ______.
Growth from the outside occurs when cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix next to existing cartilage tissue
Appositional growth
Placed Next To
Appositional means
Yes
Are bones considered organs? Yes/No
Yellow
Can convert to Red marrow if needed
Fine canals called ___ connect the lacuna to each other and to the central canal. They tie all the osteocytes in an osteon together
Canaliculi
What is the human skeleton initially made of?
Cartilages Fibrous membranes
Bone Tissue
Chondrocytes of the epiphyseal plates are eventually replaced by ____ _____ as one reaches adulthood during longitudinal bone growth.
Sharpey's fibers
Collagen fibers in the periosteum that anchor the periosteum to the bone by going from the outer layer to the inner layer and into the bone matrix.
Interstitial
Growth of Cartilage that results from the expansion of cartilage from within
Lamellar
Compact bone is also called _____ bone.
Dwarfism
Condition due to the deficit/lack of growth hormone.
Gigantism
Condition resulting for the excess of growth hormone.
Rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa
Condyle (lateral condyle of femur)
Canaliculi
Connects Lacunae to each other and Haversian Canal.
Narrow ridge of bone usually prominent
Crest (Ilium)
Appositional
Growth of Cartilage where new matrix is laid down on the external surface of the cartilage
Epiphyseal plates
Growth plates are also called what?
Fossae sinuses foramina grooves
Depressions
Fossa Meatus Sinus are all examples of
Depressions and openings
Through/Across
Dia means t/a
Three Landmarks of bones
Diaphysis Proximal epiphysis Distal epiphysis
Osteomalacia
Disease where Calcium deposits don't occur which results in soft bones since the bones are inadequately mineralized.
Endosteal
During Appositional growth, bone is reduced by osteoclasts on the ______ surface of compact bone.
Collagen
During Intramembranous Ossification, osteoblasts secrete Osteoid on _____ fibers.
Periosteum
During Intramembranous Ossification, the outer mesenchyme becomes the _____
Spongy/Periosteum
During intramembranous ossification, what forms first? Spongy or compact bone? Under what does it form..the ____? (_/_)
What lines the Haversian canal?
Endosteum
Upon
Epi means
Raised area on or above a condyle
Epicondyle (medial epicondyle of the humerous)
Hyaline Cartilage
Epiphyseal plate (in young bones) is made of what?
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Facet (thoracic vertebrae)
(T/F) The soft spots on a newborn's skull become ossified during the first 6 months of life
False
(T/F) the periosteum secretes a lubricating fluid that eases bone movement
False
(T/F) yellow bone marrow produces white blood cells
False
What do yellow marrow cavities help store?
Fat
Internal Cavities
Fat is stored along the ____ ____ of bones.
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Fibrous Outer layer of the Periosteum is made up of what type of tissue?
Narrow, slit-like opening
Fissure
Sternum/Hipbone
Flat and Irregular bone where red marrow is more active (S/H)
Round or oval opening through a bone
Foramen (magnum)
Head Facet Condyle are are all example of surfaces that
Form joints
hallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Fossa
Periosteum
Glistening white, double layered covering of bone
Furrow
Groove (radial)
Central
Grooves on the bone surface form ____ canals during appositional growth. (C)
Appendicular
Group of bones responsible for movement and manipulation. Located on the upper/lower limbs and girdles (shoulder and hip) that attach limbs to the axial skeleton.
Axial
Group of bones responsible for protection and support. Run along the long axis of the body: Skull, Vertebral column, ribcage
Osteon
Group of hallow tubes of hard bone matrix - one inside the other - each tube is a lamella with collagen fibers to resist tension/stress
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Growth hormone is released by this during youth
Hyaline/Mitosis
Growth in the length of long bones - the _____ cartilage grows by _____ of cells on the distal face. (_/_)
Diffusion
The skeletal cartilage receives its nutrients through this process
Diaphysis
Thick collar of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity. It is the shaft; tubular; long axis of bone.
Flat
Thin, flat, usually curved, spongy bone sandwiched between 2 thin compact bone layers.
Calcium
This enters the blood after the organic matrix/minerals are degraded and dissolved by Osteoclasts.
What regulates growth to ensure that skeleton retains proper proportions
Thyroid
Irregularly arranged lamallae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi but have no osteons present
Trabeculae
Little beams
Trabeculae means what?
These align along stress lines in an organized patterns of tiny struts that provide internal support for the bone
Trabeculae of spongy bone
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Trochanter (Femur)
(T/F) During endochondral ossification a primary ossification center develops on the surface of the cartilage as chondrocytes turn into osteoblasts
True
(T/F) The soft spots on a newborn's skull allow for safe compression of the infant's skull during delivery
True
(T/F) The soft spots on a newborn's skull allow it to accommodate rapid brain growth
True
(T/F) The soft spots on a newborn's skull consists of fibrous connective tissue
True
(T/F) the periosteum contains blood vessels, making it crucial to bone survival
True
(T/F) the periosteum contains bone-forming cells
True
(T/F) the periosteum contains fibers that combine with the fibers of tendons
True
(T/F) yellow bone marrow consists mainly of fat
True
the basic structural unit of compact bone is...
an osteon
How do bones grow in width?
appositional growth
cartilage that covers he ends of bones
articular
Where are the five locations of hyaline cartilage?
articular coastal laryngeal tracheal fetal
What is the joint surface of the epiphysis covered with?
articular cartilage
Which substance covers the epiphysis of a long bone?
articular cartilage
Which of the following vitamins do not directly contribute to bone growth and maintenance? a) calium and phosphorus b) Vitamin E c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin E
calcium salt gives bone its...
compressional strength
Cartilage is composed of ___ ___ ___ and has no ____ or ____ ___
connective tissue cartilage nerves blood vessels
cartilage that connect ribs to the breastbone
costal
Compact bone appears very ____ but actually contains canals and passageways proving access for ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___
dense nerves blood vessels lymphatic ducts
The superficial layer is made of what type of tissues and resists what?
dense irregular connective tissue tension during bending
Foramen Groove Fissue Notch are all examples of
depressions and openings for vessels and nerves
the central, shaft-like portion of a long bone is called the...
diaphysis
Water allows what to happen to nutrients?
diffuse rapidly through a loose matrix
What is the spongy area in short, irregular and flat bones known as?
dipole
irregular bone shape
don't fit complicated ship combination of others
Which type of fracture is most likely to occur in a young children?
greenstick fractures
The central canal surrounded by the lamella is the
haversian canal
What is the main function of fibrocatrilage?
highly compressible great tensile strength
Before week 8 the human embryo skeleton is made of what two things?
hyaline cartilage mesenchyme membranes
What makes a bone unique from other connective tissue?
its matrix
Where do chondrocytes occupy in the matrix and what type of fiber is in the matrix
lacuna collagen unit fibril
Bones serve as a reservoir for what? What two ions can be released from the bone into the blood stream?
mineral calcium and phosphate
What are the inorganic components of bone?
mineral salts calcium phosphate
Tuberosity Crest Trochanter Line Tubercle Epicondyle Spine and Process are all examples of projections that
muscle or ligament attach to
Besides bone tissue, what else do bones contain?
nerves blood vessels articular cartilages Epithelial tissue
Which type of cell assists with the regulation of blood levels of calcium and phosphate?
osteocytes
The very center of the bone is an ___ or a ____ cavity filled with ___ ___ ___
open marrow yellow bone marrow
A mixture of what in the matrix of bones allow them to be strong but not brittle?
organic inorganic
osteoid
organic part of the matrix
In the fetus, bone matrix is formed by...
osteoblasts
What adds bone tissue to the external surface of he diaphysis (periosteum)?
osteoblasts
Which type of bone cell helps form bone, specifically the bone's matrix?
osteoblasts
What removes bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis wall (endosteum)?
osteoclasts
Two bone membranes
periosteum endosteum
The _____ ____ covers outer bone surfaces except the ___
periosteum membrane ends of the epiphysis
What simulates the growth at plates?
pituitary
Besides organic components of bone, they also include
proteogylcans glycoproteins collagen
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
red marrow cavities of long bones
Bones display bulges, depressions and holes which serve as
site of muscle, ligament and tendon attachment points of articulation conduits for blood vessels and nerves
What runs inside the Haversian canal?
small blood vessels
Chrondocytes appear ___ in hyaline
spherical
How are compact bone and spongy bone distributed in irregular bones?
spongy bone with thin layer of compact bone
During postnatal bone grown, the epiphyseal plates thickness does what?
stays constant (overall bone length increases)
Where are epiphysis's found?
the end of bones
Where is compression and tension on bones greatest?
the external surfaces, not the center
flat bone shape
thin flat usually curved
How are compact bone and spongy bone distributed in short bones?
thin compact bone surrounding spongy bone mass
the alternating orientation of the lamella resists
torsion stresses
What is the dominate feature of spongy bone?
trabeculae
When does cartilage stop growing?
when the skeleton does
the medullary cavity in most adults is filled with...
yellow bone marrow
